网络编程&&WebSockets

8. 网络编程与 WebSockets

8.1 创建 TCP 服务器

Node.js 提供了 net 模块，可以用来创建 TCP 服务器和客户端。

• 创建 TCP 服务器

  const net = require('net');
  
  const server = net.createServer((socket) => {
    console.log('Client connected');
    
    socket.on('data', (data) => {
      console.log('Received data:', data.toString());
      socket.write('Hello from server');
    });
  
    socket.on('end', () => {
      console.log('Client disconnected');
    });
  });
  
  server.listen(8080, () => {
    console.log('TCP server listening on port 8080');
  });
  

• 创建 TCP 客户端

  const net = require('net');
  
  const client = net.createConnection({ port: 8080 }, () => {
    console.log('Connected to server');
    client.write('Hello from client');
  });
  
  client.on('data', (data) => {
    console.log('Received from server:', data.toString());
    client.end(); // 结束连接
  });
  
  client.on('end', () => {
    console.log('Disconnected from server');
  });
  

8.2 创建 HTTP 服务器与客户端

Node.js 的 http 模块可以用来创建 HTTP 服务器和客户端。

• 创建 HTTP 服务器

  const http = require('http');
  
  const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
    res.statusCode = 200;
    res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
    res.end('Hello, world!\n');
  });
  
  server.listen(3000, () => {
    console.log('HTTP server listening on port 3000');
  });
  

• 创建 HTTP 客户端

  const http = require('http');
  
  const options = {
    hostname: 'localhost',
    port: 3000,
    path: '/',
    method: 'GET'
  };
  
  const req = http.request(options, (res) => {
    let data = '';
  
    res.on('data', (chunk) => {
      data += chunk;
    });
  
    res.on('end', () => {
      console.log('Response:', data);
    });
  });
  
  req.on('error', (err) => {
    console.error('Request error:', err);
  });
  
  req.end();
  

8.3 使用 WebSocket 实现实时通信

WebSocket 允许在客户端和服务器之间建立持久的双向通信连接。ws 模块是 Node.js 中处理 WebSocket 的常用库。

• 安装 ws 模块

  npm install ws
  

• 创建 WebSocket 服务器

  const WebSocket = require('ws');
  
  const wss = new WebSocket.Server({ port: 8080 });
  
  wss.on('connection', (ws) => {
    console.log('Client connected');
  
    ws.on('message', (message) => {
      console.log('Received message:', message);
      ws.send('Hello from server');
    });
  
    ws.on('close', () => {
      console.log('Client disconnected');
    });
  });
  
  console.log('WebSocket server listening on port 8080');
  

• 创建 WebSocket 客户端

  const WebSocket = require('ws');
  
  const ws = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8080');
  
  ws.on('open', () => {
    console.log('Connected to server');
    ws.send('Hello from client');
  });
  
  ws.on('message', (message) => {
    console.log('Received message:', message);
    ws.close(); // 结束连接
  });
  
  ws.on('close', () => {
    console.log('Disconnected from server');
  });
  

8.4 使用 HTTP/2 实现更高效的网络通信

HTTP/2 是 HTTP 的更新版本，具有更好的性能和效率。Node.js 支持 HTTP/2。

• 创建 HTTP/2 服务器

  const http2 = require('http2');
  const fs = require('fs');
  const path = require('path');
  
  const server = http2.createSecureServer({
    key: fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, 'server.key')),
    cert: fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, 'server.crt'))
  });
  
  server.on('stream', (stream, headers) => {
    stream.respond({
      'content-type': 'text/plain',
      'status': 200
    });
    stream.end('Hello, HTTP/2 world!\n');
  });
  
  server.listen(8443, () => {
    console.log('HTTP/2 server listening on port 8443');
  });
  

• 创建 HTTP/2 客户端

  const http2 = require('http2');
  
  const client = http2.connect('https://localhost:8443');
  
  const req = client.request({ ':path': '/' });
  
  req.on('response', (headers, flags) => {
    console.log('Response headers:', headers);
  });
  
  req.on('data', (chunk) => {
    console.log('Received data:', chunk.toString());
  });
  
  req.on('end', () => {
    client.close();
  });
  

总结

网络编程和 WebSockets 是构建网络应用程序和实现实时通信的关键技术。Node.js 提供了处理 TCP、HTTP 和 WebSocket 的强大功能，使得创建高效的网络服务和客户端变得更加容易。掌握这些技能将使你能够构建复杂的网络应用程序，并实现实时数据交换和通信。