Process Control Instrumentation Technology (Chapter 7)

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-11 16:32:47 发布

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7.1 A 4- to 20 -mA control signal is loaded by a $\mathbf{100-\Omega}$ resistor and must produce a 20- to 40-V motor drive signal. Find an equation relating the input current to the output voltage.

$\because V_{out}=mV_a+V_0$

Soluting:

$m=12.5\;and\;V_0=15$

$\therefore V_{out}=12.5V_a+1.5$

7.5 Modify Problem 7.4 by using a DIAC with a $\mathbf{\pm 2 -V}$ breakover voltage, in place of the $\mathbf{ 100-\Omega}$ resistor, to trigger a TRIAC. The source is now a bipolar $\mathbf{\pm 5 -V}$ square wave of the same period as Figure 7.49 .

a. Find the range of R to provide a 5 % to 95 % on time.

Now the system has the form:

The values of $R=-t /\left[\ln \left(1-V_{c} N_{o}\right)\right]$ with $C=10\mu F,\;V_{C}=2V,\; V_0=\pm 5V$

5 % on-time: $t=0.1 \mathrm{~s}, R_{5}=19.6 \mathrm{k} \Omega$

95 % on-time: $t=1.9 \mathrm{~s}, R_{95}=372 \mathrm{k} \Omega$

b. Plot the voltages across the capacitor, load, and TRIAC.

c. What is the average power delivered to the load?

$<P>=\left(t_{\text {on }} / T\right) V^{2} / R_{L}=(2 / 4)\left(5^{2}\right) / 10=1.25 \mathrm{~W}$

7.7 Figure 7.50 shows a system to regulate dc motor speed by temperature. A thermistor is used to vary the capacitor charging rate, and thus when in the cycle the SCR is turned on. The thermistor resistance versus temperature is given in Figure 4.5 .

a. Determine the values for the resistor and capacitor to provide 10 % on time at $\mathbf{0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ and 90 % on time at $\mathbf{60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ .

$\because V_{C}(t)=V_0\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-t / \tau}\right]=5.1\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-t / \tau}\right] \quad \text { where } \tau=\left(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{T}}+\mathrm{R}\right) \mathrm{C}$

The SCR will fire when $V_C(t)$ =1.5V

$\therefore t=0.348(R_T+R)C$

$At\;0^{\circ}C,\;t=0.9(1/120)=7.5ms\;R_T=16k\Omega$ ,

$At\;60^{\circ}C,\;t=0.1(1/120)=0.83ms\;R_T=1k\Omega$

So $R=875\Omega\;and\; C=1.28\mu F$ .

b. Determine the required power ratings of the zener diode and $\mathbf{2.5-\mathrm{k} \Omega}$ resistor.

$\begin{align*} \because V&=\frac{1}{T} \int_{0}^{T} V_{0} \sin (377 t) d t\\ &=\frac{(120)(169.7)}{377} \int_{0}^{1 / 120} \sin (377 t) d(377 t)=54[-\cos (377 / 120)+\cos (0)]=108 \mathrm{~V} \end{align}$

$\therefore P_{R}=(108-5.1) ^2 / 2.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega=4.23 \mathrm{~W}$

$\because I=(108-5.1) / 2.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega=41$

$\therefore P_{Z}=(0.041 \mathrm{~A})(5.1 \mathrm{~V})=0.2 \mathrm{~W}$

c. Construct a plot of the average motor voltage versus temperature.

$\begin{align*} V_{M}&=\frac{1}{T} \int_{t}^{T} V_{0} \sin (377 t) d t \\ & =\frac{(120)(169.7)}{377} \int_{t}^{1 / 120} \sin (377 t) d(377 t)=54[-\cos (377 / 120)+\cos (377 t)] \end{align*}$

$\because t=0.348(R+875)\left(1.28 \times 10^{-6}\right)=4.45 \times 10^{-7}\times (R+875)$

$\therefore V_{M}=54\left[1+\cos \left(1.68 \times 10^{-4}(R+875)\right)\right]$

Through Figure 4.5, we can obtain the resistance at the corresponding temperature and obtain the temperature voltage curve.

7.11 A stepping motor has $\mathbf{ 7.5^{\circ} }$ per step. Find the rpm produced by a pulse rate of 2000 pps on the input.

The motor steps once for each pulse, so,
$R=(2000 steps / \mathrm{s})\left(7.5^{\circ} /\right. step )=15000^{\circ} / \mathrm{s}$
There are $360^{\circ}$ per revolution, so,
$R=\left(15000^{\circ} / \mathrm{s}\right) /\left(360^{\circ} / \mathrm{rev}\right)=41.67 \mathrm{rev} / \mathrm{s}$
There are 60 seconds per minute, so,

$R=(41.67 \mathrm{rev} / \mathrm{s})(60 \mathrm{~s} / \mathrm{min})=2500 \text { rpm }$

7.15 The SCR in Figure 7.26 requires a 4-V trigger. Design a system by which the gears are shifted when a CdS photocell resistance drops below $\mathbf{2.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega}$ .

We can use a comparator to solve this problem . This comparator is assumed to have a 5 volt high output so this is divided to obtain the required 4 volt SCR trigger. A simple divider provides the 7.5 volt comparator trigger voltage. As the light intensity increases the photocell resistance will drop, which increases $V_{1}$ . When the cell reaches $2.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ , $V_{1}$ will rise to 7.5 volts and the comparator will go high.

7.20 The level of water in a tank is to be controlled at $\mathbf{20 \mathrm{~m}}$ , and the output flow rate is nominally $\mathbf{65 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{h}}$ through a control valve, as shown in Figure 7.51 . Under nominal conditions, determine the required valve size in inches and centimeters.

We will use the relation,

$Q=C_{[}\left[\Delta p / S_{G}\right]^{1 / 2} \quad and, \quad C_{v}=Q\left[S_{G} / \Delta p\right]^{1 / 2}$

$\because 1 \mathrm{gal}=0.00379 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$

$\therefore Q=\left(65 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{hr}\right)(1 \mathrm{hr} / 60 \mathrm{~min})\left(1 \mathrm{gal} / 0.00379 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\right) =285.8 \mathrm{gal} / \mathrm{min}$
The pressure is simply the gauge pressure at the outlet,

$\Delta p=\rho g h=\left(10^{3} \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\right)\left(9.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)(20 \mathrm{~m}) =196 \mathrm{kPa} =28.42 \mathrm{psi}$

$C_{v}=(285.8)[1 / 28.42]^{1 / 2} =53.5$

From Table 7.1 this requires a 2 inch or 5 \mathrm{~cm} valve,

7.21 If the valve actuator of Problem 7.20 has a rangeability of 30 and a maximum stem travel of $\mathbf{5 \mathrm{~cm}}$ and is to be half-open under the nominal conditions, find the minimum flow, maximum flow, and stem opening for $\mathbf{100 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{h} }$ flow.

$R=Q_{m ax} / Q_{\min }=30$

When $Q=65 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{hr}$ the stem is half open, $s=2.5 \mathrm{~cm}$ , so $Q=65=Q_{\min }R^{(2.5/ 5.0 )}$

$Q_{\min }=11.87 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{hr}$

The maximum flow is found as, $Q_{\max }=R Q_{\min }=30\times11.87$

$Q_{\max }=356 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{hr}$

For $100 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{hr}$ ,

$100=(11.87)(30)^{s / 5}$

$s=3.13 \mathrm{~cm}$

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Process Control Instrumentation Technology (Chapter 7)

7.1A 4- to 20 -mA control signal is loaded by a resistor and must produce a 20- to 40-V motor drive signal. Find an equation relating the input current to the output voltage.Soluting:7.5Modify Problem 7.4 by using a DIAC with a bre...
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