Process Control Instrumentation Technology (Chapter 10)

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-11 16:32:47 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-11 16:32:47 发布

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分类专栏：过程控制仪表技术文章标签：控制器经验分享

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10.5 Design a two-position controller that provides an output of 5 V when a type-J TC junction reaches $\boldsymbol{250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ and drops to a low of 0 V when the temperature has fallen to $\mathbf{ 240^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ . Assume a $\boldsymbol{0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ reference.

We use the two-position controller shown in Figure 10.5. Then the output should be 5.0 volts when the temperature reaches $250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and drops back to 0.0 volts when the temperature drops back to $240^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . Well, the Type J TC produces $13.56 \mathrm{mV}$ at $250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $13.01 \mathrm{mV}$ for $240^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , assuming a $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ reference. Suppose we use a differential amplifier with a gain of 100 so that the voltages become $1.356 \mathrm{~V}$ and $1.301 \mathrm{~V}$ respectively. Then, according to the design associated with Figure 10.5, we have

$\begin{array}{ll} V_{H}= & 1.356 \mathrm{~V} \\ V_{L}= & 1.301=V_{H}-\left(R_{1} / R_{2}\right) V_{0} \\ 1.301 & =1.356-\left(R_{1} / R 2\right)(5.0) \end{array}$

This gives, $R_{1} / R_{2}=0.011$ , so we pick $R_{1}=1 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and then $R_{2}=90.9 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ . We use the following differential amplifier to condition the TC voltage and a simple divider to produce the 1.256 volt setpoint along with the circuit of Figure 10.5.

10.6 Figure 10.20 shows a drying oven for which the oven is either off with 0 V input or on with 8 volts input. The thermistor properties are: resistance of 4.7 $\mathbf{ \mathrm{k} \Omega}$ at $\mathbf{35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ and 1.4 $\mathbf{\mathrm{k} \Omega }$ at $\mathbf{60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ . It has a $\mathbf{ 5-\mathrm{mW} /{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ -dissipation constant. Design a two-position controller with trip points of $\mathbf{35^{\circ} \mathrm{C} }$ and $\mathbf{60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ . Keep self-heating below $\mathbf{0.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}$ .

$P=P_{D} \Delta T=\left(5 \mathrm{~mW} /{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\left(0.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)=2.5 \mathrm{~mW}$

$I_{(35)}=\sqrt{P^2/R}=1.34mA$

$I_{(60)}=\sqrt{P^2/R}=0.73mA$

$I_{(35)}=\frac{5}{R+1400} \quad \text { which gives } R=2331 \Omega$

$I_{(60)}=\frac{5}{R+4700} \quad \text { which gives } R=2149 \Omega$

So we should use a $2.5k\Omega$ to be sure the self_heating is below the specification.

$\because\begin{array}{l} V_{35}=\frac{5(2500)}{4700+2500}=1.736\mathrm{~V} \\ V_{60}=\frac{5(2500)}{1400+2500}=3.205 \mathrm{~V} \end{array}$

So it is necessary to use an inverter on the output of the comparator.

$\because V_{0} \frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}=V_{s p}-V_{L}=3.21-1.74=1.47$

Let $V_0=5V$ , we can set $R_1=10k\Omega \text{ and }R_2=34k\Omega$ .

Then we can get the complete schematic.

10.12 Design a PD controller with a 140% PB and a 0.2 -min derivative time. The fastest signal speed is 1 min . Measurement range is 0.4 to 2 V , and the output is 0 to 10 V .

$G_P=\frac{100\times 0.01\times10}{140\times1.6}=0.045$

$G_D=\frac{0.12\times10}{0.01\times1.6}=75s$

We use Figure 10.11 as our PD controller, so:

$G_P=R_2/(R_1+R_3)$

$G_D=R_3C$

$and\;R_1R_3C/(R_1+R_3)=0.1T/2\pi$

Suppose $C=100\mu F$ , we can get $R_3=750k\Omega$ , $R_1=11k\Omega$ and $R_2=7.5 k\Omega$ .

10.14 A proportional pneumatic controller has equal area bellows. If 3- to 15 -psi signals are used on input and output, find the ratio of pivot distances that provides a 23 % PB .

$\because p_{\text {out }}=\left(x_{1} / x_{2}\right)\left(A_{1} / A_{2}\right)\left(p_{m}-p_{s p}\right)+p_{o}$

$\therefore x_1/x_2=K_P=100/23=4.35$

10.18 Design a proportional controller for a 4 - to 20-mA , ground-based input, a 0 - to 9-V output, zero-error output adjustable from 0 to 100 % , and $\boldsymbol{K_{p}}$ adjustable from 1 to 10 . Design so the setpoint can be selected in the range of 4 to 20 mA .

S10.2 A pneumatic proportional controller is designed as shown in Figure 10.13 such that $\mathbf{x_{1}}$ is 5 cm and $\boldsymbol{ x_{2} }$ is 2.5 cm . The setpoint is 50 kPa and the effective areas of the bellows are $\boldsymbol{7.0 \mathrm{~cm}^{2}}$ . The nozzle/flapper system has a pressure/displacement characteristic as shown in Figure 10.22 . With no error, the output pressure is 60 kPa.

a. What nozzle/flapper gap is required to support an output of 50 kPa ?

Through figure 10.22, we can get that to fetch 50 kPa, the gap must be 1.2mm.
b. With no error, how much force in newtons and pounds does the input bellows exert on the flapper?

$F=p A=35N$
c. Suppose the input increases to 60 kPa. What force is now required by the feedback bellows? What output pressure?

$\Delta F=\Delta pA=7N$

$\because \tau =Fx=35N \cdot cm$

$\therefore \Delta F=\tau/x=14N$

$\Delta p=\Delta F/A=20kPa$

The output pressure is 70kPa.

d. What new gap is required? How much did the flapper move?

The nev gap need to be 1.05mm from Figure 10.22 and the flapper move $\theta=\Delta x/r=(6\times 10^{-4}){} ^{\circ}$

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Process Control Instrumentation Technology (Chapter 10)

10.5Design a two-position controller that provides an output of 5 V when a type-J TC junction reaches and drops to a low of 0 V when the temperature has fallen to . Assume a reference.10.6Figure 10.20 shows a drying oven for which the ov...
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