[MachineLearningInAction] - KNN

在有标签的数据中，输入没有标签的数据后，通过计算数据特征与样本数据进行比较，算法提取样本集中特征最相似的分类标签。一般取前K个最相似的数，这就是k-近邻算法。从K近邻算法、距离度量谈到KD树、SIFT+BBF算法

实验基础

python/numpy中会用到的函数：

    shape()

        shape是numpy函数库中的方法，用于查看矩阵或者数组的维素

        >>>shape(array) 若矩阵有m行n列，则返回(m,n)

        >>>array.shape[0] 返回矩阵的行数m，参数为1的话返回列数n

    tile()

    tile是numpy函数库中的方法，用法如下:

    >>>tile(A,(m,n))  将数组A作为元素构造出m行n列的数组

sum()

    sum()是numpy函数库中的方法

    >>>array.sum(axis=1)按行累加，axis=0为按列累加

argsort()

    argsort()是numpy中的方法，得到矩阵中每个元素的排序序号

    >>>A=array.argsort()  A[0]表示排序后 排在第一个的那个数在原来数组中的下标

dict.get(key,x)

    python中字典的方法，get(key,x)从字典中获取key对应的value，字典中没有key的话返回0

sorted()

    python中的方法

min()、max()

    numpy中有min()、max()方法，用法如下

    >>>array.min(0)  返回一个数组，数组中每个数都是它所在列的所有数的最小值

    >>>array.min(1)  返回一个数组，数组中每个数都是它所在行的所有数的最小值

listdir('str')

    python的operator中的方法

    >>>strlist=listdir('str')  读取目录str下的所有文件名，返回一个字符串列表

split()

    python中的方法，切片函数

    >>>string.split('str')以字符str为分隔符切片，返回list

k-近邻算法的一般流程
1. 收集数据
2. 准备数据
3. 分析数据
4. 训练算法
5. 测试算法
6. 使用算法：k-近邻 手写识别数字应用

根据流程，首先我们要导入数据，然后对数据分析转换成需要的格式，完成k-近邻分类器的设计，再跑一下数据。

导入数据

# coding=utf-8
from numpy import *
import operator
#导入数据
def createDataSet():
    group = array([[1.0, 1.1], [1.0, 1.0], [0, 0], [0, 0.1]])
    labels = ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B']
    return group, labels

k-近邻分类器

#k-近邻算法
def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
    dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
    diffMat = tile(inX,(dataSetSize,1)) - dataSet
    sqDiffMat = diffMat**2
    sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis = 1)
    distances = sqDistances**0.5
    sortedDistIndices = distances.argsort()
    classCount = {}
    for i in range(k):
        voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndices[i]]
        classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel, 0) + 1
    sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
    return sortedClassCount[0][0]

使用k-近邻改进约会网站的配对效果

# 使用k-近邻改进约会网站的配对效果
#将文本记录转换到numpy
def file2matrix(filename):
    fr = open(filename)
    arrayQlines = fr.readlines()
    numberOfLines = len(arrayQlines)
    returnMat = zeros((numberOfLines, 3))
    classLabelVector = []
    index = 0
    for line in arrayQlines:
        line = line.strip()
        listFromLine = line.split('\t')
        returnMat[index,:] = listFromLine[0:3]
        classLabelVector.append(int(listFromLine[-1]))
        index += 1
    return returnMat,classLabelVector

# 分析数据： 使用matplotlib 创建散点图 数据可视化
# import matplotlib
# import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# fig = plt.figure()
# ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
# ax.scatter(datingDataMat[:,1], datingDataMat[:,2])
# plt.show()

#归一化数值
def autoNorm(dataSet):
    minVals = dataSet.min(0)
    maxVals = dataSet.max(0)
    ranges = maxVals - minVals
    normDataSet = zeros(shape(dataSet))
    m = dataSet.shape[0]
    normDataSet = dataSet - tile(minVals, (m,1))
    normDataSet = normDataSet/tile(ranges, (m,1))
    return normDataSet, ranges, minVals

#分类器针对约会网站测试代码
def datingClassTest():
    hoRation = 0.10
    datingDataMat,datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt')
    normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)
    m = normMat.shape[0]
    numTestVecs = int(m*hoRation)
    errorCount = 0.0
    for i in range(numTestVecs):
        classifierResult = classify0(normMat[i,:],normMat[numTestVecs:m,:], datingLabels[numTestVecs:m],3)
        print "the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is : %d"%(classifierResult,datingLabels[i])
        if (classifierResult != datingLabels[i]): errorCount += 1.0
    print "the total error rate is : %f" %(errorCount/float(numTestVecs))

#约会完站预测函数
def classifyPerson():
    resultList = ['not at all', 'in small doses', 'in large doses']
    percentTats = float(raw_input("percentage of time spent playing video games? "))
    ffMiles = float(raw_input("frequent flier miles earned per year?"))
    iceCream = float(raw_input("liters of ice cream consumed per years?"))
    datingDataMat,datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt')
    normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)
    inArr = array([ffMiles, percentTats, iceCream])
    classifierResult = classify0((inArr - minVals)/ranges, normMat, datingLabels,3)
    print "you will probably like this person: ", resultList[classifierResult - 1]

k-近邻 手写识别系统

这里除了使用之前编写的k-近邻分类器，还提供了sklearn版。详细如下。

# 手写识别系统
def img2vector(filename):
    returnVect = zeros((1,1024))
    fr = open(filename)
    for i in range(32):
        lineStr = fr.readline()
        for j in range(32):
            returnVect[0,32*i + j] = int(lineStr[j])
    return returnVect

#  测试算法： 使用k-近邻算法识别手写数字
from os import listdir

def handwritingClassTest():
    hwLabels = []
    trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits')
    m = len(trainingFileList)
    trainingMat = zeros((m, 1024))
    for i in range(m):
        fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
        trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s'%fileNameStr)
    testFileList = listdir('testDigits')
    errorCount = 0.0
    mTest = len(testFileList)
    for i in range(mTest):
        fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s'%fileNameStr)
        classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)
        print "the classifier came back with %d, the real answer is :%d "%(classifierResult, classNumStr)
        if (classifierResult != classNumStr) : errorCount += 1.0
    print "\n the total number of errrors is :%d"%errorCount
    print "\n the total error rate is : %f"%(errorCount/float(mTest))

# 手写识别sklearn版本
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

def sklearnKnnTest():
    hwLabels = []
    trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits')
    m = len(trainingFileList)
    trainingMat = zeros((m, 1024))
    for i in range(m):
        fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
        trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s'%fileNameStr)
    neigh = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors = 3) #k=3
    neigh.fit(trainingMat, hwLabels) #数据拟合
    testFileList = listdir('testDigits')
    errorCount = 0.0
    mTest = len(testFileList)
    for i in range(mTest):
        fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s'%fileNameStr)
        classifierResult = neigh.predict(vectorUnderTest)   #数据预测
        print "the classifier came back with %d, the real answer is :%d "%(classifierResult, classNumStr)
        if (classifierResult != classNumStr) : errorCount += 1.0
    print "\n the total number of errrors is :%d"%errorCount
    print "\n the total error rate is : %f"%(errorCount/float(mTest))

参考资料

1. http://blog.csdn.net/u012162613/article/details/41768407
2. http://blog.csdn.net/v_july_v/article/details/8203674