目录
1.多重继承中构造函数的调用顺序
多重继承是C++的一个特性,使得一个类可以继承自多个类。子类会根据所继承的类的顺序,来依次调用父类的构造函数。
例如,下面程序中,B的构造函数先于A的构造函数被调用。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
A() { cout << "A constructor called" << endl; }
~A() { cout << "A destructor called" << endl; }
};
class B
{
public:
B() { cout << "B constructor called" << endl; }
~B() { cout << "B destructor called" << endl; }
};
class C: public B, public A //注意这里的继承顺序
{
public:
C() { cout << "C constructor called" << endl; }
~C() { cout << "C destructor called" << endl; }
};
int main()
{
C c;
return 0;
}
输出:
B constructor called
A constructor called
C constructor called
C destructor called
A destructor called
B destructor called
注意:析构函数的调用顺序与构造函数相反。
2.菱形继承问题
2.1问题介绍
菱形继承的问题出现在某个类的两个父类拥有共同的基类。
例如,下面程序中,TA类会拥有Person类的两份数据成员拷贝,这会导致歧义性。
参考下面程序:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person {
public:
Person(int x) {
cout << "Person::Person(int) called" << endl;
}
};
class Faculty : public Person {
public:
Faculty(int x):Person(x) {
cout<<"Faculty::Faculty(int) called"<< endl;
}
};
class Student : public Person {
public:
Student(int x):Person(x) {
cout<<"Student::Student(int) called"<< endl;
}
};
class TA : public Faculty, public Student {
public:
TA(int x):Student(x), Faculty(x) {
cout<<"TA::TA(int) called"<< endl;
}
};
int main() {
TA ta1(30);
}
运行结果:
Person::Person(int) called
Faculty::Faculty(int) called
Person::Person(int) called
Student::Student(int) called
TA::TA(int ) called
存在的问题:
上述程序中,Person类的构造函数调用了两次。当对象ta1被销毁时,Person的析构函数也会被调用两次。
对象ta1拥有Person类的两份数据成员,这会导致歧义。
2.2解决方法
使用virtual关键字。将Faculty和Student做为virtual基类来避免TA类中出现Person的两份拷贝。
参考下面程序:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person {
public:
Person(int x) {
cout << "Person::Person(int) called" << endl;
}
Person() {
cout << "Person::Person() called" << endl;
}
};
class Faculty : virtual public Person {
public:
Faculty(int x):Person(x) {
cout<<"Faculty::Faculty(int) called"<< endl;
}
};
class Student : virtual public Person {
public:
Student(int x):Person(x) {
cout<<"Student::Student(int) called"<< endl;
}
};
class TA : public Faculty, public Student {
public:
TA(int x):Student(x), Faculty(x) {
cout<<"TA::TA(int) called"<< endl;
}
};
int main() {
TA ta1(30);
}
输出结果:
Person::Person() called
Faculty::Faculty(int) called
Student::Student(int) called
TA::TA(int) called
上述程序中,Person类的构造函数只调用了一次。
2.3默认构造函数问题
需要注意非常重要的一点:2.2中例子,结果显示对象ta1调用的是Person的默认构造函数。
当使用virtual关键字时,默认调用的是祖父类的默认构造函数。即使父类显式地调用了祖父类的带参数的构造函数,也不会改变这个行为。
而如果我们把Person的默认构造函数注释起来,则编译时会报错。
visual studio2015报错如下:
error C2512: “Person::Person”: 没有合适的默认构造函数可用
g++ 4.8.5 报错如下:
error: no matching function for call to 'Person::Person()'
如何才能调用Person的带参数的构造函数?
必须在TA类中调用Person的带参数的构造函数。如下所示:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person {
public:
Person(int x) { cout << "Person::Person(int ) called" << endl; }
Person() { cout << "Person::Person() called" << endl; }
};
class Faculty : virtual public Person {
public:
Faculty(int x):Person(x) {
cout<<"Faculty::Faculty(int ) called"<< endl;
}
};
class Student : virtual public Person {
public:
Student(int x):Person(x) {
cout<<"Student::Student(int ) called"<< endl;
}
};
class TA : public Faculty, public Student {
public:
TA(int x):Student(x), Faculty(x), Person(x) {
cout<<"TA::TA(int ) called"<< endl;
}
};
int main() {
TA ta1(30);
}
运行结果:
Person::Person(int ) called
Faculty::Faculty(int ) called
Student::Student(int ) called
TA::TA(int ) called
3.总结
一般来说,子类不允许直接调用祖父类的构造函数,而应该通过父类来调用。仅当使用了virtual时,才能调用祖父类构造函数。
参考例子1:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
int x;
public:
void setX(int i) {x = i;}
void print() { cout << x; }
};
class B: public A
{
public:
B() { setX(10); }
};
class C: public A
{
public:
C() { setX(20); }
};
class D: public B, public C {
};
int main()
{
D d;
d.print();
return 0;
}
编译错误。类D中的print()函数有歧义。
visual studio2015编译报错:
error C2385: 对“print”的访问不明确,note: 可能是“print”(位于基“A”中),note: 也可能是“print”(位于基“A”中)
将类B和C设置为虚继承后(如下面两行所示),则输出结果为20。
class B: virtual publicA
class C: virtual publicA
参考例子2
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
int x;
public:
A(int i) { x = i; }
void print() { cout << x; }
};
class B: virtual public A
{
public:
B():A(10) { }
};
class C: virtual public A
{
public:
C():A(10) { }
};
class D: public B, public C {
};
int main()
{
D d;
d.print();
return 0;
}
运行结果:
编译错误。类A中没有定义默认构造函数。
当给A加上默认构造函数后:
A() { x = 11; }
则输出结果为:11