The Internet of Agriculture农业互联网
There are many new initiatives to make agriculture smart. These include the work of the Climate-Smart Approach (CSA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the commercial drivers pushing the farming landscape to evolve from the historical micro-farms run by families to large scale macro-farming operations, precision and urban faming. Innovation in farming technology in the late 19th century gave us tractors and harvesters while today much new innovation is focused on the IoT of which the common denominator is data, data and more data.
The smart factor however is not simply about the data, it is about the insight that can be gained from the data, and how, when this insight is combined with context or situation awareness, it can drive both local actions and enable intelligent business decisions that are relevant at that specific time. Farming will not need to be dependent upon a rain man, traditional methods and the fluctuations of climate to be more efficient.
A key challenge for using the IoT in agriculture is connectivity, getting the data from sensors deployed in the field as cost effectively as possible. Traditional communications network infrastructure is focused on people and converge is predominantly centred around them and does not extend far into rural areas in many countries as the cost model doesn’t work for the mobile network operators (MNOs) or fixed line providers. A flexible, long range option that offers different deployment models and a very low connectivity cost per sensor is essential. The sensors themselves also need to be very low power or even disposable because a truck roll to change or charge batteries invalidates any business model due to the cost sensitivities in some applications.
LoRaWAN low power wide area networks (LPWAN) are being used in several continents to get data from the field across many application verticals because of the technology’s inherent low power and long range capabilities. As it is an open communications standard there are many deployment and business model options available from simple Farm Only private networks to Agriculture-as-a-Service offerings.
有许多新的举措使农业变得更加智能。其中包括气候智能方法（CSA），联合国粮食及农业组织，推动农业景观的商业驱动力从由家庭运营的历史微农场演变为大规模宏观农业活动，精确和城市家庭。 19世纪后期的农业技术创新为我们提供了拖拉机和收割机，而今天，许多新的创新集中在物联网上，其共同点是数据，数据和更多数据。
然而，智能因素并不仅仅是数据，而是关于从数据中获得的洞察力，以及如何将这种洞察力与情境或情境意识相结合，它可以推动本地行为并实现智能业务决策，在那个特定时间是相关的。农业不需要依赖雨人，传统方法和气候波动更加有效。
在农业中使用物联网的一个关键挑战是连通性，即尽可能以经济有效的方式从传感器部署的传感器获取数据。传统的通信网络基础设施主要集中在人员上，而融合主要集中在他们身上，而且由于成本模式不适用于移动网络运营商（MNO）或固定线路提供商，因此在许多国家并没有延伸到农村地区。一个灵活的，长距离选项，提供不同的部署模型和每个传感器非常低的连接成本是必不可少的。传感器本身也需要非常低的功率，甚至是一次性的，因为在某些应用中，由于成本敏感性的原因，卡车滚动更换电池或为电池充电会使任何商业模式失效。
LoRaWAN低功率广域网（LPWAN）正在几个大陆使用，因为该技术固有的低功率和长距离功能，可以从许多应用垂直领域获取数据。由于这是一个开放的通信标准，因此有许多部署和业务模式选项可以从简单的Farm Only专用网络提供给Agriculture-as-a-Service产品。
The ubiquitous connected cow 无处不在的连接牛
Historically it had always been the connected fridge that epitomised the IoT or M2M in its previous guise, now it is always the connected cow, I will call her Daisy.
There are over 1,467,548,724 heads of cattle in the world according to Beef Market Central.
- 63% of the world’s cattle are in Brazil, India and China
- 368,469,907 are in South America and 211,764,292 in Brazil alone
- 10% are lost or rustled annually at a cost of US$34,771,696,746
- Based on average price per cow of US$1645
- A loss of US$160 annually per cow
LoRaWAN low cost tags can be used to simply identify where the cows are, the livestock manager can use the LoRaWAN network to effectivity geo-fence the cows and send event driven only notifications if the cow is not within the boundary. This simple use case could offer massive savings as illustrated below.
- The tracker, connectivity and service costs US$3 per month, US$36 per year on a threeyear contract per cow, and a basic tracker costs US$30
- Cost per cow to track is US$36
- All 211,764,292 cows in Brazil would cost US$7,623,514,512
- Return on investment (ROI) in Brazil yields a US$27,148,182,234 saving annually
However, there are more complexities. LoRaWAN network infrastructure needs to be available and the cows can’t all be tagged overnight. The point is that to make IoT viable, the cost per cow needs to be significantly less than the loss and be relevant to the needs of the application.
In New Zealand the livestock market profit per animal is all publically available per farm at https://beeflambnz.com/data-tools/sheep-beeffarm- survey . With some farms only making US$100-US$200 per animal, unless there is a high risk of loss or theft, a high cost to track will leave poor Daisy lost.
从历史上看，它一直是连接冰箱，它以前代的身份集中体现了物联网或M2M，现在它总是连接的母牛，我会称她为名流。
据牛肉市场中心报道，全世界有超过1,467,548,724头牛。
世界牛的63％位于巴西，印度和中国
仅在南美洲就有368,469,907头，仅在巴西就有211,764,292头
每年损失10％的费用为34,771,696,746美元
根据每头牛平均价格1645美元
每头牛每年损失160美元
LoRaWAN低成本标签可以用来简单识别奶牛的位置，牲畜管理者可以使用LoRaWAN网络来有效地对奶牛进行地理围栏，并在奶牛不在边界内时发送仅由事件驱动的通知。这个简单的用例可以提供巨大的节省，如下图所示。
跟踪器，连接和服务成本每月3美元，每头奶牛三年合同每年36美元，基本跟踪器的成本为30美元
每头牛追踪的成本为36美元
巴西全部211,764,292头母牛需花费7,623,514,512美元
巴西的投资回报率（ROI）每年节省27,148,182,234美元
但是，更复杂。 LoRaWAN网络基础设施需要可用，并且奶牛不能全部标记过夜。关键是，要使物联网可行，每头牛的成本需要远远低于损失，并与应用需求相关。
在新西兰，每个动物的牲畜市场利润都在https://beeflambnz.com/data-tools/sheep-beeffarm- survey的每个农场公开提供。有些农场每只动物只赚100至200美元，除非有很高的损失或盗窃风险，追踪的高昂费用将会使名流丢失。
There are many other ways IoT can significantly help with livestock management, there are sensors that can detect when Daisy is ready for a visit from the bull, real world trials have already demonstrated that temperature and pedometer devices can detect estrus in cows more efficiently. The average insemination success has been improved to 1.58 attempts from 2.0-2.5 attempts and the average calving interval was shortened to 354 days from 402 days and the female cattle birth ratio increased. As a result, an increase of US$645 per head per year is predicted and production milk yield increased. Sensors can also detect when Daisy is about the give birth, traditionally famers would carefully watch the pregnant animals now they can be remotely alerted, the cost of losing a cow and a calf during the calving process can cost a farmer in excess of US$2,000, depending on value of the cow.
物联网还有许多其他的方式可以显着地帮助家畜管理，有传感器可以检测Daisy是否准备好来访公牛，现实世界的试验已经证明温度和计步器设备可以更有效地检测母牛的发情。平均受精成功率从2.0-2.5次提高至1.58次，平均产犊间隔由402天缩短为354天，母牛出生率增加。结果，预测每头每年增加645美元，产奶量增加。传感器还可以检测雏菊何时即将诞生，传统上，农民会仔细观察怀孕动物，现在他们可以远程提醒，在产犊过程中失去一头母牛和一头小牛的成本可能使农民花费超过2,000美元，取决于牛的价值。
Other connected things其他连接的东西
Water and fertiliser are two crucial ingredients for crop growth, too much or too little can have a derogatory effect on the quality of the yield, potatoes and cotton are sensitive to over watering but strawberries and tomatoes are water hungry. Intelligent IoT irrigation systems offer the ability to monitor and adapt and can provide guidance at a glance.
Sensors measure soil conductivity which can tell you how much moisture and fertiliser is in the topsoil, if the sensors are distributed through the fields or greenhouses the right time to irrigate can be determined saving both water and energy. LoRaWAN IoT devices are delivering a 20-30% yield improvement in vineyards in Italy and are enabling the reduction of fertilisers and chemicals Palm oil plantations have an issue with the heavy tree canopies where wireless signals struggle to penetrate but LoRaWAN sensors have successful been put to the test for irrigation, for pest control using simple traps that only let the relevant pests in, send alerts when the sensor weighs a certain level – indicating a specific number of pests. The palms can then be treated to ensure a major infestation does not occur. Sensors are also being used to notify of potential fires in the plantations which can be a serious risk.
The insights that the operational data from all of these sensors contains can be further utilised globally, the type of soil will have characteristics as to how it reacts to water, the amount of fertiliser needed to maximise yield will vary with climate and crop variety and infestation will be dependent upon a multitude of criteria. If all of this data was centralised, categorised and available it would offer famers the opportunity to determine what type of crop they should plant for maximum yield in any given country taking into account climate and soil conditions.
Many large scale trials are now underway across the world and within the next few years we will see this happening more and more, convincing farmers to use technology for smart agriculture will be key as they need to invest now and wait for an entire season to see if the technology delivered the ROI. If the cost of ownership is low enough, the end-to-end system is simple enough and the farmer is able to roll out in stages it will become mainstream.
Everynet has been involved with the deployment of smart agriculture in many countries and is now focusing on Latin America and the Asia Pacific regions with Everything Everywhere, a LoRaWAN business model that enables low cost wholesale connectivity to meet the cost demands required by farmers. With the EveryTHINGZ partner programme, simple end-to-end solutions for the farmers including the sensors and the applications can be provided by third parties, offering maximum choice and simple interoperability straight out of the box.
Smart agriculture is just beginning, cold chain monitoring, food waste optimisation and the power of big data that will turn precision farming into predictive farming and give financial institutions and governments the ability to monitor production versus consumption on a global scale. These will all be crucial in ensuring that we can produce enough food for the world. For now, proving that the business models work in large scale deployments and that they deliver the efficiencies and cost saving required to make connected Daisy really ubiquitous is a leap in the right direction.
水和肥料是作物生长的两个关键成分，太多或太少都会对产量产生不利影响，土豆和棉花对过度浇水敏感，但草莓和西红柿需要耗水。智能物联网灌溉系统提供了监控和适应能力，并能一目了然地提供指导。传感器测量土壤电导率，可以告诉您土壤中有多少水分和肥料，如果传感器通过田间或温室分布，则可以确定正确的灌溉时间，从而节约水和能源。 LoRaWAN物联网设备在意大利的葡萄园提高产量20-30％，并减少化肥和化学品棕榈油种植园在无线信号难以穿透的重型树冠上存在问题，但LoRaWAN传感器已成功投入使用灌溉测试，使用简单的陷阱进行害虫防治，只允许相关害虫进入，当传感器重量达到一定水平时发出警报 - 表明有特定数量的有害生物。然后可以治疗手掌以确保不会发生重大的感染。传感器也被用于通知种植园中可能造成严重风险的潜在火灾。
来自所有这些传感器的运行数据所包含的见解可以在全球范围内得到进一步利用，土壤类型将具有如何对水反应的特点，最大化产量所需肥料的数量将随着气候和作物品种和感染而变化将取决于多种标准。如果所有这些数据都是集中，分类和可用的，它将为农民提供机会来确定他们应该在任何给定国家考虑到气候和土壤条件的情况下种植哪种作物以获得最高产量。
世界各地正在进行许多大规模试验，未来几年我们将会看到越来越多的这种情况发生，说服农民使用智能农业技术将是关键，因为他们需要现在进行投资，并等待整个季节看到如果技术提供了投资回报。如果拥有成本足够低，端到端系统足够简单，农民能够分阶段推出它将成为主流。
Everynet一直在许多国家参与智能农业的部署，现在正集中力量在拉丁美洲和亚太地区推出Everything Everywhere，这是一种LoRaWAN商业模式，可实现低成本的批发连接，以满足农民所需的成本需求。利用EveryTHINGZ合作伙伴计划，第三方可以为农民提供简单的端到端解决方案，包括传感器和应用，从而提供最佳选择和简单的互操作性。
智能农业才刚刚开始，冷链监测，食品浪费优化和大数据的力量，将精密农业转变为预测性农业，并使金融机构和政府能够在全球范围内监控生产与消费。这些对于确保我们能够为世界生产足够的食物至关重要。目前，证明这些商业模式可以在大规模部署中发挥作用，并且提供使菊花连接真正无处不在的效率和成本节省，这是朝着正确方向迈进的一大步。
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