原型模式

1、概念
使用原型实例，指定创建对象的种类，并且通过复制这些原型创建新的对象。

2、Cloneable接口

class Professor{
    String name;
    int age;

    Professor(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
}

class Student implements Cloneable {
    String name;
    int age;
    Professor p;// 引用

    Student(String name, int age, Professor p) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.p = p;
    }

    @Override
    public Object clone() {
        Student o = null;
        try {
            o = (Student) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            System.out.println(e.toString());
        }
        return o;
    }
}

public class CloneTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Professor p = new Professor("wangwu", 50);
        Student s1 = new Student("zhangsan", 18, p);
        System.out.println(s1.name + " " + s1.p.name + " " + s1.p.age);
        Student s2 = (Student) s1.clone();
        // s2的Professor信息
        s2.p.name = "lisi";
        s2.p.age = 30;
        // s2的信息
        s2.name = "z";
        s2.age = 45;
        System.out.println(s1.name + " " + s1.p.name + " " + s1.p.age);
    }
}

输出：

zhangsan wangwu 50
zhangsan lisi 30

发现问题：
改变s1的拷贝对象s2的professor的信息，竟然也改变了s1的professor的信息

1）浅拷贝
对于基本数据类型，copy和原型是相等且独立的，copy的变化不会引起原型的变化；
对于引用数据类型，copy和原型是统一的，即二者指向同一个对象，即堆中的同一块区域。
所以，copy中引用的变化，会引起原型的变化。

2）深拷贝
针对浅拷贝中引用的问题，在clone()函数中，对引用对象手动进行拷贝，解决浅拷贝问题，即深拷贝。

浅拷贝只考虑当前拷贝的对象，不考虑该对象引用的对象；
深拷贝不仅考虑当前的对象，还考虑所有引用的对象。

class Professor implements Cloneable {
    String name;
    int age;

    Professor(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Object clone() {
        Object o = null;
        try {
            o = super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            System.out.println(e.toString());
        }
        return o;
    }
}

class Student implements Cloneable {
    String name;
    int age;
    Professor p;

    Student(String name, int age, Professor p) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.p = p;
    }

    public Object clone() {
        Student o = null;
        try {
            o = (Student) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            System.out.println(e.toString());
        }
        o.p = (Professor) p.clone();
        return o;
    }
}

输出：

zhangsan wangwu 50
zhangsan wangwu 50