【python】路径、文件、文件夹

路径-os.Path模块

• 路径是否存在
  os.path.exists(path)

• 路径是否文件
  os.path.isfile(path)

• 路径是否目录
  os.path.isdir(path)

• 绝对路径
  os.path.abspath(path)

• 文件路径
  os.path.dirname(path)

• 文件名
  os.path.basename(path)

import os
if os.path.exists("1.txt"):
    print("True")
else:
    print("False")

文件

• 创建

  • 写入文件

    def createFile(filePath, fileFullName, content):
        full_path = '%s/%s' % (filePath, fileFullName)
        file = open(full_path, 'w',encoding="utf-8")
        file.write(content)
    

    参考 解决 python 输出/写中文到 txt 打开看是乱码的问题

• 删除

import os
os.remove("1.txt")

文件夹/目录

• 创建

  父目录不存在的时候：os.makedirs(path)会创建父目录

  ​ os.mkdir(path)不会创建

• 删除

  os.rmdir(“dir”) 只能删除空目录

  shutil.rmtree(“dir”) 空目录、有内容的目录都可以删

综合应用

删除指定目录

无敌简洁优美，绝了

import shutil

def delFold(foldPath,delFoldState):
    """
    删除该文件夹里的所有文件
    delFoldState: 0:删除子文件，保留所有文件夹 1：删除子文件和子文件夹 2：删除子文件、子文件夹和自身目录
    """
    for foldabsPath, childFolds, childFiles in os.walk(foldPath):
        for fileName in childFiles:
            print(foldabsPath,fileName)
            filePath=os.path.join(foldabsPath,fileName)
            os.remove(filePath)
        print(foldabsPath)
        if not foldabsPath==foldPath and delFoldState>=1:
            shutil.rmtree(foldabsPath)
    if delFoldState==2:
        shutil.rmtree(foldPath)

递归删除文件，排除指定文件夹名、文件名

def isFold(filePath):
    return os.path.isdir(filePath)


def isFile(filePath):
    return os.path.isfile(filePath)


def isEmptyFold(filePath):
    return not os.listdir(filePath)


# 递归删除文件，排除指定文件夹、文件名
def deleteFiles(path, remainDirsList, remainfilesList):
    # global backUpFoldPath
    # backUpFoldPath = backUpFoldPath.replace('/', '\\')
    dirsList = []
    dirsList = os.listdir(path)
    for f in dirsList:
        filePath = os.path.join(path, f)
        filePath = filePath.replace('/', '\\')
        if isFold(filePath):
            # print "it's a directory"
            if f not in remainDirsList:
                if isEmptyFold(filePath):
                    print("empty dir:%s " % filePath)
                else:
                    deleteFiles(filePath, remainDirsList, remainfilesList)
            else:
                print("keep this dir: %s" % filePath)
        elif isFile(filePath):
            # print "it's a normal file"
            if f not in remainfilesList:
                os.remove(filePath)
            else:
                print("keep this file: %s" % filePath)
        else:
            print ("it's a special file(socket,FIFO,device file):%s" % filePath)

# 获取父级路径
def getParentDir(path):
    path = path.replace('/', '\\')
    index = path.rfind("\\")
    result = path[0:index]
    return result
    # print("%s : %s: %s" % (path, index, result))


# 递归删除文件夹
def deleteFold(path, remainDirsList):
    global backUpFoldPath
    path = path.replace('/', '\\')
    backUpFoldPath = backUpFoldPath.replace('/', '\\')
    # 删除不在保留清单的空文件夹
    if isFold(path):
        foldName = path.rsplit('\\', 1)[1]
        if foldName not in remainDirsList:
            if isEmptyFold(path):
                shutil.rmtree(path)
                print("delete empty dir:%s " % path)
                fileParentPath = getParentDir(path)
                if fileParentPath == backUpFoldPath:
                    return
                deleteFold(fileParentPath, remainDirsList)
                return
    dirsList = []
    dirsList = os.listdir(path)
    for f in dirsList:
        filePath = os.path.join(path, f)
        if isFold(filePath):
                # print "it's a directory"
            if f not in remainDirsList:
                if isEmptyFold(filePath):
                    shutil.rmtree(filePath)
                    print("delete empty dir:%s " % filePath)
                    fileParentPath = getParentDir(filePath)
                    # 删除不在保留清单的空文件夹后，遍历其父级路径
                    deleteFold(fileParentPath, remainDirsList)
                else:
                    deleteFold(filePath, remainDirsList)
            else:
                print("keep this dir: %s" % filePath)

获取当前文件夹下所有文件名,指定排除特定后缀的文件

import os

def isFold(filePath):
    return os.path.isdir(filePath)

# 获取指定目录，排除指定后缀的所有文件，存储到filesList


def listFold(path, excludeSuffix, filesList):
    for file in os.listdir(path):
        file_path = os.path.join(path, file)
        if isFold(file_path):
            listFold(file_path, excludeSuffix, filesList)
        else:
            if not os.path.splitext(file)[1] == excludeSuffix:
                filesList.append(file_path)

def main():
    filesList=[]
    listFold("D:/Test", ".exe", filesList)

拷贝文件，自动生成文件夹，拷贝时支持指定文件不拷贝

# 拷贝文件，自动生成文件夹，拷贝时支持指定文件不拷贝
def copyFile(sourceFilePath, destinationFilePath, noCopyList):
    # 去除尾部 \ 符号
    fileFullName = destinationFilePath.split("\\")[-1]
    foldPath = destinationFilePath[0:destinationFilePath.find(fileFullName)]

    isExists = os.path.exists(foldPath)
    if not isExists:
        os.makedirs(foldPath)
    if not fileFullName in noCopyList:
        shutil.copy2(sourceFilePath, destinationFilePath)
    else:
        print("[nocopy]: %s" % destinationFilePath)