ruby基础总结（二）

#类变量
#类变量是该类所有实例的共享变量
#从类的外部访问类变量时需要存取器
class HelloCount
  @@count = 0
  
  def HelloCount.count
    @@count
  end
  
  def initialize(myname = "ruby")
    @name = myname
  end
  
  def hello
    @@count += 1
    puts "hello,world. i am #{@name}.\n"
  end
end

bob = HelloCount.new("bob")
alice = HelloCount.new("alice")
ruby = HelloCount.new

puts HelloCount.count
bob.hello
alice.hello
ruby.hello
puts HelloCount.count

#范围运算符
p (1..10).to_a
p (1...10).to_a

#异常处理
#ex.class
#ex.message
#ex.backtrace
begin
  a = 10
rescue ex
  p ex.message
end

#array sort
array = ["ruby","perl","php","python"]
sorted = array.sort{|a , b| a <=> b}
p sorted

sorted = array.sort{|a , b| a.length <=> b.length}
p sorted

#定义带块的方法
def myloop
  while true
    yield
  end
end

#传递块参数，获取块的值
def total(from,to)
    result = 0
    from.upto(to) do |num| 
        if block_given?
            result += yield(num)
        else
          result += num
        end
    end
    return result
end

p total(1,10)
p total(1,10){|num| num**2}

hash = {a: 100,b: 200,c: 300}
hash.each_with_index do |(k,v),index|
  p [k,v,index]
end
p hash[:a]

#proc 对象是能让块作为对象在程序中使用的类
hello = Proc.new do |name|
  puts "hello,#{name}"
end

hello.call("world")
hello.call("ruby")

def total2(from,to,&block)
  result = 0
  from.upto(to) do |num|
    if block
      result += block.call(num)
    else
      result += num
    end
  end
  return result
end

p total2(1,10)
p total2(1,10){|num| num ** 2}

#将Proc对象作为块传给其他方法处理
def call_each(ary,&block)
  ary.each(&block)
end

call_each [1,2,3] do |item|
  p item
end

#局部变量与块变量
x = 1
y = 1
ary = [1,2,3]

ary.each do |x|
  y = x
end

p [ x,y ]

#Numeric 数值类
def fact(n) 
  if n <= 1 
    1 
  else 
    n * fact(n-1)
  end 
end

p fact(20)

#rational /分数/
p Rational(2,3).to_f.ceil

=begin
to_f转换为float
to_i转换为int
round方法四舍五入
ceil最小整数
floor最大整数
to_r转为Rational
to_c转为Complex
=end

#随机数
p Random.rand
p Random.rand(100)

#计数
=begin
n.times
from.upto(to)
from.downto(to)
from.step(to,step) 
=end

#数组类
#数组的创建方法
name = ["tang","xue"]
puts name[0]

name.each do |name|
  puts name
end

=begin
Array类情况下，
若new 方法没有参数，则会创建元素个数为0的数组,
若new方法只有１个参数，则会创建参数个元素的数组，这些元素都为nil
若new方法有俩个参数，则会创建first参数个数元素的数组，这些元素的值都为second参数
=end
name = Array.new
p name
name = Array.new(5)
p name
name = Array.new(5,"tangxuelong")
p name

#使用%w 与 %i
#创建不包含空白的字符串数组时，可以使用%w
lang = %w(ruby perl python scheme pike rebol)
p lang.sort{|a,b|a.length<=>b.length}

#使用%i创建符号数组
# lang = %w(ruby perl python scheme pike rebol)
# p lang=end