python装饰器粗解
一、装饰器的定义
简而言之,本质还是一个函数。但其主要的作用就是在不更改你想要编辑的函数的代码的情况下,为其添加新的功能。
常见的使用主要是:函数性能测试,插入日志等
装饰器的使用
- 未使用装饰器时
def test_1():
time.sleep(1)
print('this is test_1')
def test_2():
time.sleep(4)
print('this is test_2')
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_1()
test_2()
# 输出结果为
# this is test_1
# this is test_2
- 使用了装饰器之后 cost_time为当前定义的装饰器函数
import time
def cost_time(func):
def inner():
t_start=time.time()
func()
t_end=time.time()
print(f'{func.__name__} cost time :{str(t_end-t_start)}s')
return inner
@cost_time
def test_1():
time.sleep(1)
print('this is test_1')
@cost_time
def test_2():
time.sleep(4)
print('this is test_2')
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_1()
test_2()
# 输出结果为
# this is test_1
# test_1 cost time :1.0011262893676758s
# this is test_2
# test_2 cost time :4.000372886657715s
二、 常见的装饰器用法@staticmethod 和@classmethod
使用@staticmethod 和@classmethod可以在不需要实例化类时使用某个类的方法 有利于组织代码 有利于命名空间的整洁
- 未使用装饰器时的代码如下,本来是同一类的函数,但由于可以随意的放置,导致代码混乱不整洁
import time
def time_sleep_1():
time.sleep(1)
print('sleep time 1s')
def print_1():
print('print 1')
def time_sleep_2():
time.sleep(2)
print('sleep time 2s')
def print_2():
print('print 2')
def time_sleep_3():
time.sleep(3)
print('sleep time 3s')
if __name__ == '__main__':
time_sleep_1()
time_sleep_2()
time_sleep_3()
print_1()
print_2()
# 输出结果
# sleep time 1s
# sleep time 2s
# sleep time 3s
# print 1
# print 2
- 使用@staticmethod,这样会使代码会更加的整洁。
import time
class time_sleep(object):
@staticmethod
def time_sleep_1():
time.sleep(1)
print('sleep time 1s')
@staticmethod
def time_sleep_2():
time.sleep(2)
print('sleep time 2s')
@staticmethod
def time_sleep_3():
time.sleep(3)
print('sleep time 3s')
class print_info(object):
@staticmethod
def print_1():
print('print 1')
@staticmethod
def print_2():
print('print 2')
if __name__ == '__main__':
time_sleep.time_sleep_1()
time_sleep.time_sleep_2()
time_sleep.time_sleep_3()
print_info.print_1()
print_info.print_2()
# 输出结果
# sleep time 1s
# sleep time 2s
# sleep time 3s
# print 1
# print 2
- 使用@classmethod ,好处是不论是从实例调用还是从类调用,都用第一个参数把类传递过来,如果不使用@classmethod 则类调用就会报错
import time
class time_sleep(object):
@staticmethod
def time_sleep_1():
time.sleep(1)
print('sleep time 1s')
@staticmethod
def time_sleep_2():
time.sleep(2)
print('sleep time 2s')
@staticmethod
def time_sleep_3():
time.sleep(3)
print('sleep time 3s')
@classmethod
def run_time(cls):
cls.time_sleep_1()
cls.time_sleep_2()
cls.time_sleep_3()
class print_info(object):
@staticmethod
def print_1():
print('print 1')
@staticmethod
def print_2():
print('print 2')
@classmethod
def run_print(cls):
cls.print_1()
cls.print_2()
if __name__ == '__main__':
time_sleep.run_time()
print_info.run_print()
# 或者这样也可以
t1=time_sleep()
t1.run_time()
p1=print_info()
p1.run_print()
# 输出结果
# sleep time 1s
# sleep time 2s
# sleep time 3s
# print 1
# print 2
# sleep time 1s
# sleep time 2s
# sleep time 3s
# print 1
# print 2
如果不使用@classmethod 进行修饰,那么下列方法使用就会报错
print_info.run_print()
报错如下
print_info.run_print()
TypeError: run_print() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'
总结:装饰器是一个很好用的函数,会使你的代码可读性更高,也会更加的简洁明了,但需要注意的是,不是所有的方法你都加装饰器,简单不复用的代码,你添加了装饰器反而增加了代码的冗余程度以及可读的成本