基于源码Golang1.14.2
切片和数组的不同
- 数组:计算机会为数组分配一块连续的内存来保存数组中的元素,我们可以利用数组中元素的索引快速访问元素对应的存储地址
- 切片:切片其实就是动态数组,它的长度并不固定,可以追加元素并会在切片容量不足时进行扩容。
slice相关源码
结构
type slice struct {
array unsafe.Pointer
len int
cap int
}
// TODO
// A notInHeapSlice is a slice backed by go:notinheap memory.
type notInHeapSlice struct {
array *notInHeap
len int
cap int
}
一片连续的内存空间加上长度与容量标识;注意array是一片连续的内存空间。
初始化
形如:
var a = make([]int, 10, 20)
的代码,会被编译器翻译为 runtime.makeslice。
func makeslice(et *_type, len, cap int) unsafe.Pointer {
mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(et.size, uintptr(cap))
if overflow || mem > maxAlloc || len < 0 || len > cap {
// NOTE: Produce a 'len out of range' error instead of a
// 'cap out of range' error when someone does make([]T, bignumber).
// 'cap out of range' is true too, but since the cap is only being
// supplied implicitly, saying len is clearer.
// See golang.org/issue/4085.
mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(et.size, uintptr(len))
if overflow || mem > maxAlloc || len < 0 {
panicmakeslicelen()
}
panicmakeslicecap()
}
return mallocgc(mem, et, true)
}
func makeslice64(et *_type, len64, cap64 int64) unsafe.Pointer {
len := int(len64)
if int64(len) != len64 {
panicmakeslicelen()
}
cap := int(cap64)
if int64(cap) != cap64 {
panicmakeslicecap()
}
return makeslice(et, len, cap)
}
- 这里math.MulUintptr是判断申请的内存空间会不会超过最大申请限制,如果有则报错(不过如果len和cap都超过了的话,还是会尽量报错makeslice: len out of range)。
- 如果len和cap大于64字节,则会采用makeslice64。
如果是
var a = new([]int)
这样的代码,则会被翻译为:
func newobject(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer {
return mallocgc(typ.size, typ, true)
}
mallocgc 函数会根据申请的内存大小,去对应的内存块链表上找合适的内存来进行分配。
扩容
func growslice(et *_type, old slice, cap int) slice {
if raceenabled {
callerpc := getcallerpc()
racereadrangepc(old.array, uintptr(old.len*int(et.size)), callerpc, funcPC(growslice))
}
if msanenabled {
msanread(old.array, uintptr(old.len*int(et.size)))
}
if cap < old.cap {
panic(errorString("growslice: cap out of range"))
}
if et.size == 0 {
// append should not create a slice with nil pointer but non-zero len.
// We assume that append doesn't need to preserve old.array in this case.
return slice{unsafe.Pointer(&zerobase), old.len, cap}
}
newcap := old.cap
doublecap := newcap + newcap
if cap > doublecap {
newcap = cap
} else {
if old.len < 1024 {
newcap = doublecap
} else {
// Check 0 < newcap to detect overflow
// and prevent an infinite loop.
for 0 < newcap && newcap < cap {
newcap += newcap / 4
}
// Set newcap to the requested cap when
// the newcap calculation overflowed.
if newcap <= 0 {
newcap = cap
}
}
}
var overflow bool
var lenmem, newlenmem, capmem uintptr
// Specialize for common values of et.size.
// For 1 we don't need any division/multiplication.
// For sys.PtrSize, compiler will optimize division/multiplication into a shift by a constant.
// For powers of 2, use a variable shift.
switch {
case et.size == 1:
lenmem = uintptr(old.len)
newlenmem = uintptr(cap)
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap))
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxAlloc
newcap = int(capmem)
case et.size == sys.PtrSize:
lenmem = uintptr(old.len) * sys.PtrSize
newlenmem = uintptr(cap) * sys.PtrSize
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap) * sys.PtrSize)
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxAlloc/sys.PtrSize
newcap = int(capmem / sys.PtrSize)
case isPowerOfTwo(et.size):
var shift uintptr
if sys.PtrSize == 8 {
// Mask shift for better code generation.
shift = uintptr(sys.Ctz64(uint64(et.size))) & 63
} else {
shift = uintptr(sys.Ctz32(uint32(et.size))) & 31
}
lenmem = uintptr(old.len) << shift
newlenmem = uintptr(cap) << shift
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap) << shift)
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > (maxAlloc >> shift)
newcap = int(capmem >> shift)
default:
lenmem = uintptr(old.len) * et.size
newlenmem = uintptr(cap) * et.size
capmem, overflow = math.MulUintptr(et.size, uintptr(newcap))
capmem = roundupsize(capmem)
newcap = int(capmem / et.size)
}
// The check of overflow in addition to capmem > maxAlloc is needed
// to prevent an overflow which can be used to trigger a segfault
// on 32bit architectures with this example program:
//
// type T [1<<27 + 1]int64
//
// var d T
// var s []T
//
// func main() {
// s = append(s, d, d, d, d)
// print(len(s), "\n")
// }
if overflow || capmem > maxAlloc {
panic(errorString("growslice: cap out of range"))
}
var p unsafe.Pointer
if et.ptrdata == 0 {
p = mallocgc(capmem, nil, false)
// The append() that calls growslice is going to overwrite from old.len to cap (which will be the new length).
// Only clear the part that will not be overwritten.
memclrNoHeapPointers(add(p, newlenmem), capmem-newlenmem)
} else {
// Note: can't use rawmem (which avoids zeroing of memory), because then GC can scan uninitialized memory.
p = mallocgc(capmem, et, true)
if lenmem > 0 && writeBarrier.enabled {
// Only shade the pointers in old.array since we know the destination slice p
// only contains nil pointers because it has been cleared during alloc.
bulkBarrierPreWriteSrcOnly(uintptr(p), uintptr(old.array), lenmem)
}
}
memmove(p, old.array, lenmem)
return slice{p, old.len, newcap}
}
- 扩容策略
- 如果len小于1024,那么取doublecap和参数cap的大值(最少扩大两倍)
- 如果len大于等于1024,那么每次增加1/4的原长度,直到大于参数cap的值。(肯定大于参数cap,每次增加1/4)
- 后面的内容主要是分配内存和防溢出(//TODO 有空可以认真读一下),其中if et.ptrdata == 0,表示分配的内存追加到原来切片后面,else则表示新开新开一片内存空间。
复制
func slicecopy(to, fm slice, width uintptr) int {
if fm.len == 0 || to.len == 0 {
return 0
}
n := fm.len
if to.len < n {
n = to.len
}
if width == 0 {
return n
}
if raceenabled {
callerpc := getcallerpc()
pc := funcPC(slicecopy)
racewriterangepc(to.array, uintptr(n*int(width)), callerpc, pc)
racereadrangepc(fm.array, uintptr(n*int(width)), callerpc, pc)
}
if msanenabled {
msanwrite(to.array, uintptr(n*int(width)))
msanread(fm.array, uintptr(n*int(width)))
}
size := uintptr(n) * width
if size == 1 { // common case worth about 2x to do here
// TODO: is this still worth it with new memmove impl?
*(*byte)(to.array) = *(*byte)(fm.array) // known to be a byte pointer
} else {
memmove(to.array, fm.array, size)
}
return n
}