Hanlder的使用及其Looper，MessageQueue原理

Handler是Android中的消息处理机制，多用于线程之间传递消息。

一.使用方法

            final Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
                @Override
                public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                    super.handleMessage(msg);
                    Log.v(TAG,"handleMessage is running:"+msg.what);
                }
            };
            new Thread(){
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    super.run();
                    Log.v(TAG, "new a Thread");                   
                    for(int i = 0; i < 10;i ++){
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(i);
                    }
                }
            }.start();            

或者

            Runnable mRunnable = new Thread(){
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    super.run();
                    Log.v(TAG, "new a Thread:");

                    for(int i = 0; i < 10;i ++){
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(i);
                    }
                }
            };
            new Handler().post(mRunnable);

使用Handler 存在的问题

内存方面
Handler 被作为 Activity 引用，如果为非静态内部类，则会引用外部类对象。当 Activity finish 时，Handler可能并未执行完，从而引起 Activity 的内存泄漏。故而在所有调用 Handler 的地方，都用静态内部类。

异常方面
当 Activity finish 时,在 onDestroy 方法中释放了一些资源。此时 Handler 执行到 handlerMessage 方法,但相关资源已经被释放,从而引起空指针的异常。为解决这个问题，如果是使用 handlerMessage，则在方法中加try catch。如果是用 post 方法，则在Runnable方法中加try catch。

---

二. Looper，MessageQueue，Hanlder

MessageQueue: 消息队列，把加入的Message消息互相链接起来组成一个单链表。
Handler：负责把Message消息加入MessageQueue队列中
Looper：负责循环读取MessageQueue消息队列中的消息，并把消息派发给相应的类处理（Handler，Runnable ）

ActivityThread：

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ......
        Looper.prepareMainLooper();//为UI线程设置Looper

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
        Looper.loop();//循环读取MessageQueue队列，取出Message做处理

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }

Looper

public final class Looper {
    //静态
    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
    //构建Looper对象
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }
    //构建Looper对象，并把新构建的Looper对象保存到sThreadLocal 中
    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }    
    //构建UI线程的Looper对象
    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }
    //循环读取MessageQueue队列，取出Message并回调msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)。target就是Handler对象的引用
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        //死循环读取MessageQueue并取出Message
        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }
            ......
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//回调Handler中的dispatchMessage()函数
                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }
            .......
        }
    }    
    //取出保存在sThreadLocal中的Looper对象
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }    

MessageQueue

public final class MessageQueue {
    ......
    //Message加入队列的操作
    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {......}
    ......
}

Handler

public class Handler {

    //如果Message中的callback为空，调用handleCallback(),否则调用handleMessage()
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }
    //回调callback中的run()方法，一般都是Runnable中的run()
    private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }      
    //把Message消息加入到队列中
    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }    
    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }      

关于Looper：
每个线程都绑定一个唯一Looper，不能构建多个。如果新构建的线程没有绑定新的Looper，那这个线程不能使用Handler，否则会报java.lang.RuntimeException: Can’t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()错误。我们需要调用prepare()创建Looper对象，并循环取出MessageQueue中的数据，Looper.java源码中的案例如下：

  * <pre>
  *  class LooperThread extends Thread {
  *      public Handler mHandler;
  *
  *      public void run() {
  *          Looper.prepare();
  *
  *          mHandler = new Handler() {
  *              public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
  *                  // process incoming messages here
  *              }
  *          };
  *
  *          Looper.loop();
  *      }
  *  }</pre>