Java UDP广播搜索局域网好友示例

概述

网络数据传播有单播、多播、广播几种形式。大部分的多播数据为音频或者视频，因为允许部分丢失，但是传输速度比TPCP快。

C类广播地址一般为XXX.XXX.XXX.255。例如，对于10.1.1.0 （255.255.255.0 ）网段，其广播地址为10.1.1.255 （255 即为2 进制的11111111 ），当发出一个目的地址为10.1.1.255 的分组（封包）时，它将被分发给该网段上的所有计算机。

IP 地址的网络字段和主机字段全为 1 就是受限广播地址255.255.255.255。该地址用于主机配置过程中IP数据包的目的地址，此时，主机可能还不知道它所在网络的网络掩码，甚至连它的IP地址也不知道。在任何情况下，路由器都不转发目的地址为受限的广播地址的数据报，这样的数据报仅出现在本地网络中。

代码示例

可以利用受限广播地址完成局域网内好友的上线服务发现功能。
Provider：服务提供者。
Searcher：服务发现者。
每台服务设备Provider上线，在固定端口P监听，如果局域网内有服务搜索Searcher运行，会向255.255.255.255的P端口发送固定格式消息，消息里包含回送消息的端口。这样Provider收到消息之后，回送自己的ID给Searcher。

/**
 * UDP 提供者，用于提供服务
 */
public class UDPProvider {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        // 生成一份唯一标示
        String sn = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
        Provider provider = new Provider(sn);
        provider.start();

        System.in.read();
        provider.exit();
    }

    private static class Provider extends Thread {
        private final String sn;
        private boolean done = false;
        private DatagramSocket ds = null;

        public Provider(String sn) {
            super();
            this.sn = sn;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("UDPProvider Started.");
            try {
                ds = new DatagramSocket(20000);
                while (!done) {
                    final byte[] buf = new byte[512];
                    DatagramPacket receivePack = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);
                    ds.receive(receivePack);

                    String ip = receivePack.getAddress().getHostAddress();
                    int port = receivePack.getPort();
                    int dataLen = receivePack.getLength();
                    String data = new String(receivePack.getData(), 0, dataLen);
                    System.out.println("UDPProvider receive form ip:" + ip + ",port:" + port + ",data:" + data);
                    // 解析端口号
                    int responsePort = Ciphertext.parsePort(data);
                    if (responsePort != -1) {
                        // 构建一份回送数据
                        String responseData = Ciphertext.buildWithSn(sn);
                        byte[] responseDataBytes = responseData.getBytes();
                        // 直接根据发送者构建一份回送信息
                        DatagramPacket responsePacket = new DatagramPacket(responseDataBytes, responseDataBytes.length,
                                receivePack.getAddress(),responsePort);
                        ds.send(responsePacket);
                    }
                }
            } catch (Exception ignored) {
            } finally {
                close();
            }
            System.out.println("UDPProvider Finished.");
        }
        private void close() {
            if (ds != null) {
                ds.close();
                ds = null;
            }
        }

        void exit() {
            done = true;
            close();
        }
    }
}

/**
 * 通讯协议
 */
public class Ciphertext {
    private static final String SN_HEADER = "ID";
    private static final String PORT_HEADER = "PORT";

    public static String buildWithPort(int port) {
        return PORT_HEADER + port;
    }

    public static int parsePort(String data) {
        if (data.startsWith(PORT_HEADER)) {
            return Integer.parseInt(data.substring(PORT_HEADER.length()));
        }
        return -1;
    }

    public static String buildWithSn(String sn) {
        return SN_HEADER + sn;
    }

    public static String parseSn(String data) {
        if (data.startsWith(SN_HEADER)) {
            return data.substring(SN_HEADER.length());
        }
        return null;
    }
}

/**
 * UDP 搜索者，用于搜索服务支持方
 */
public class UDPSearcher {
    private static final int LISTEN_PORT = 30000;


    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        System.out.println("UDPSearcher Started.");
        Listener listener = listen();
        sendBroadcast();
        System.in.read();
        List<Device> devices = listener.getDevicesAndClose();
        for (Device device : devices) {
            System.out.println("Device:" + device.toString());
        }
        // 完成
        System.out.println("UDPSearcher Finished.");
    }

    private static Listener listen() throws InterruptedException {
        System.out.println("UDPSearcher start listen.");
        CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
        Listener listener = new Listener(LISTEN_PORT, countDownLatch);
        listener.start();

        countDownLatch.await();
        return listener;
    }

    private static void sendBroadcast() throws IOException {
        System.out.println("UDPSearcher sendBroadcast started.");
        DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket();
        String requestData = Ciphertext.buildWithPort(LISTEN_PORT);
        byte[] requestDataBytes = requestData.getBytes();
        DatagramPacket requestPacket = new DatagramPacket(requestDataBytes, requestDataBytes.length);
        requestPacket.setAddress(InetAddress.getByName("255.255.255.255"));
        requestPacket.setPort(20000);
        ds.send(requestPacket);
        ds.close();
        System.out.println("UDPSearcher sendBroadcast finished.");
    }

    private static class Device {
        final int port;
        final String ip;
        final String sn;

        private Device(int port, String ip, String sn) {
            this.port = port;
            this.ip = ip;
            this.sn = sn;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Device{" +
                    "port=" + port +
                    ", ip='" + ip + '\'' +
                    ", sn='" + sn + '\'' +
                    '}';
        }
    }

    private static class Listener extends Thread {
        private final int listenPort;
        private final CountDownLatch countDownLatch;
        private final List<Device> devices = new ArrayList<>();
        private boolean done = false;
        private DatagramSocket ds = null;


        public Listener(int listenPort, CountDownLatch countDownLatch) {
            super();
            this.listenPort = listenPort;
            this.countDownLatch = countDownLatch;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            super.run();
            // 通知已启动
            countDownLatch.countDown();
            try {
                // 监听回送端口
                ds = new DatagramSocket(listenPort);
                while (!done) {
                    // 构建接收实体
                    final byte[] buf = new byte[512];
                    DatagramPacket receivePack = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);
                    // 接收
                    ds.receive(receivePack);

                    // 打印接收到的信息与发送者的信息
                    // 发送者的IP地址
                    String ip = receivePack.getAddress().getHostAddress();
                    int port = receivePack.getPort();
                    int dataLen = receivePack.getLength();
                    String data = new String(receivePack.getData(), 0, dataLen);
                    System.out.println("UDPSearcher receive form ip:" + ip + ",port:" + port + ",data:" + data);
                    String sn = Ciphertext.parseSn(data);
                    if (sn != null) {
                        Device device = new Device(port, ip, sn);
                        devices.add(device);
                    }
                }
            } catch (Exception ignored) {
            } finally {
                close();
            }
            System.out.println("UDPSearcher listener finished.");
        }

        private void close() {
            if (ds != null) {
                ds.close();
                ds = null;
            }
        }

        List<Device> getDevicesAndClose() {
            done = true;
            close();
            return devices;
        }
    }
}

运行