iftop -f参数的使用_BPF syntax

最近项目验收需要展示流量，老师希望用iftop和gnuplot配合绘制流量图，然后iftop的参数-f后边的规则不会写。找了半天发现是叫做BPF的一个语法，翻译一下一篇文档，想看原文的戳链接http://biot.com/capstats/bpf.html。以下便是iftop -f参数后接的filter的语法

正片=.=：

Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) syntax

表达式包含一个或多个基元（primitives），基元包含一个id（名称或数字），后接着一个或多个限定符。有3种不同的限定符：

type：

type限定符是说明id指的是什么意思，常见的types有host，net，port，portrange，例如： `host foo', `net 128.3', `port 20', `portrange 6000-6008'。如果没有指明type，则默认为host

dir:

dir限定符指定一个从id传送数据的方向，或者上行或者下行。可用的方向有：src，dst，src or dst，src and dst。用法举例： `src foo', `dst net 128.3', `src or dst port ftp-data'。如果没有指定dir，默认是src or dst。对于一些链接层，比如SLIP，或者是linux的“any”类型和一些其他类型的device的“cooked”捕获模式，inbound和outbound可以用来指明期望的方向

proto

proto限定符约束了一个指定的协议，如ether，fddi，tr，wlan，ip，ip6，arp，rarp，decnet，tcp，udp。使用举例：`ether src foo', `arp net 128.3', `tcp port 21', `udp portrange 7000-7009'。如果没有指定proto限定符，则所有和type一致的协议都是默认的。如`src foo' 表示 `(ip or arp or rarp) src foo' (foo必须合法), `net bar' 表示 `(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' ，`port 53' 表示 `(tcp or udp) port 53'

fddi通常是ether的别名，解析器会把他们一样地当做指定网络接口的数据链路层，相关fddi的介绍就不翻译了

相似地，tr和wlan都是ether的别名，之前fddi的描述同样适用于此处。

需要补充说明的是，一些基元的语法并不符合上述规则，如：gateway，broadcast，less，greater和一些计算表达式，这些接下来描述。

更复杂的filter表达式是由and，or，not将多个基元（primitive）连接起来，例如：`host foo and not port ftp and not port ftp-data'。为了减少打字，相同的限定符列表可以省略，如：`tcp dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain' 就表示 `tcp dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain'。

个人总结下，filter语法即：   （ (proto)* (dir)* (type)* (id)+ ）+ 

基元之间由连接词and/or/not连接。

用法举例：

dst host  host

host即ipv4/v6包的目的地址，可以是地址或名称

src host  host

同上， host为源地址

host  host

host为目的地址或源地址

host前可有关键词 ip,  arp,  rarp, 或  ip6 等等:

ip host host

相当于:

ether proto \ip and host host

If  host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each address will be checked for a match.

ether dst  ehost

True if the Ethernet destination address is  ehost.  Ehost may be either a name from /etc/ethers or a number (see  ethers(5) for numeric format).

ether src  ehost

True if the Ethernet source address is  ehost.

ether host  ehost

True if either the Ethernet source or destination address is  ehost.

gateway  host

True if the packet used  host as a gateway. I.e., the Ethernet source or destination address was  host but neither the IP source nor the IP destination was  host.  Host must be a name and must be found both by the machine's host-name-to-IP-address resolution mechanisms (host name file, DNS, NIS, etc.) and by the machine's host-name-to-Ethernet-address resolution mechanism (/etc/ethers, etc.). (An equivalent expression is

ether host ehost and not host host

which can be used with either names or numbers for  host / ehost.) This syntax does not work in IPv6-enabled configuration at this moment.

dst net  net

True if the IPv4/v6 destination address of the packet has a network number of  net.  Net may be either a name from the networks database (/etc/networks, etc.) or a network number. An IPv4 network number can be written as a dotted quad (e.g., 192.168.1.0), dotted triple (e.g., 192.168.1), dotted pair (e.g, 172.16), or single number (e.g., 10); the netmask is 255.255.255.255 for a dotted quad (which means that it's really a host match), 255.255.255.0 for a dotted triple, 255.255.0.0 for a dotted pair, or 255.0.0.0 for a single number. An IPv6 network number must be written out fully; the netmask is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, so IPv6 "network" matches are really always host matches, and a network match requires a netmask length.

src net  net

True if the IPv4/v6 source address of the packet has a network number of  net.

net  net

True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination address of the packet has a network number of  net.

net  net  mask  netmask

True if the IPv4 address matches  net with the specific  netmask. May be qualified with  src or  dst. Note that this syntax is not valid for IPv6  net.

net  net/ len

True if the IPv4/v6 address matches  net with a netmask  len bits wide. May be qualified with  src or  dst.

dst port  port

True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp, ip6/tcp or ip6/udp and has a destination port value of  port. The  port can be a number or a name used in /etc/services (see  tcp(7) and  udp(7)). If a name is used, both the port number and protocol are checked. If a number or ambiguous name is used, only the port number is checked (e.g.,  dst port 513 will print both tcp/login traffic and udp/who traffic, and  port domain will print both tcp/domain and udp/domain traffic).

src port  port

True if the packet has a source port value of  port.

port  port

True if either the source or destination port of the packet is  port.

dst portrange  port1 - port2

True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp, ip6/tcp or ip6/udp and has a destination port value between  port1 and  port2.  port1 and  port2 are interpreted in the same fashion as the  portparameter for  port.

src portrange  port1 - port2

True if the packet has a source port value between  port1 and  port2.

portrange  port1 - port2

True if either the source or destination port of the packet is between  port1 and  port2.

Any of the above port or port range expressions can be prepended with the keywords,  tcp or  udp, as in:

tcp src port port

which matches only tcp packets whose source port is  port.

less  length

True if the packet has a length less than or equal to  length. This is equivalent to:

len <= length.

greater  length

True if the packet has a length greater than or equal to  length. This is equivalent to:

len >= length.

ip proto  protocol

True if the packet is an IPv4 packet (see  ip(4P)) of protocol type  protocol.  Protocol can be a number or one of the names  icmp,  icmp6,  igmp,  igrp,  pim,  ah,  esp,  vrrp,  udp, or tcp. Note that the identifiers  tcp,  udp, and  icmp are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\), which is \\ in the C-shell. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.

ip6 proto  protocol

True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of protocol type  protocol. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.

ip6 protochain  protocol

True if the packet is IPv6 packet, and contains protocol header with type  protocol in its protocol header chain. For example,

ip6 protochain 6

matches any IPv6 packet with TCP protocol header in the protocol header chain. The packet may contain, for example, authentication header, routing header, or hop-by-hop option header, between IPv6 header and TCP header. The BPF code emitted by this primitive is complex and cannot be optimized by BPF optimizer code in  tcpdump, so this can be somewhat slow.

ip protochain  protocol

Equivalent to  ip6 protochain  protocol, but this is for IPv4.

ether broadcast

True if the packet is an Ethernet broadcast packet. The  ether keyword is optional.

ip broadcast

True if the packet is an IPv4 broadcast packet. It checks for both the all-zeroes and all-ones broadcast conventions, and looks up the subnet mask on the interface on which the capture is being done.

If the subnet mask of the interface on which the capture is being done is not available, either because the interface on which capture is being done has no netmask or because the capture is being done on the Linux "any" interface, which can capture on more than one interface, this check will not work correctly.

ether multicast

True if the packet is an Ethernet multicast packet. The  ether keyword is optional. This is shorthand for ` ether[0] & 1 != 0'.

ip multicast

True if the packet is an IPv4 multicast packet.

ip6 multicast

True if the packet is an IPv6 multicast packet.

ether proto  protocol

True if the packet is of ether type  protocol.  Protocol can be a number or one of the names  ip,  ip6,  arp,  rarp,  atalk,  aarp,  decnet,  sca,  lat,  mopdl,  moprc,  iso,  stp,  ipx, or netbeui. Note these identifiers are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\).

[In the case of FDDI (e.g., ` fddi protocol arp'), Token Ring (e.g., ` tr protocol arp'), and IEEE 802.11 wireless LANS (e.g., ` wlan protocol arp'), for most of those protocols, the protocol identification comes from the 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, which is usually layered on top of the FDDI, Token Ring, or 802.11 header.

When filtering for most protocol identifiers on FDDI, Token Ring, or 802.11,  tcpdump checks only the protocol ID field of an LLC header in so-called SNAP format with an Organizational Unit Identifier (OUI) of 0x000000, for encapsulated Ethernet; it doesn't check whether the packet is in SNAP format with an OUI of 0x000000. The exceptions are:

iso

tcpdump checks the DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) and SSAP (Source Service Access Point) fields of the LLC header;

stp and  netbeui

tcpdump checks the DSAP of the LLC header;

atalk

tcpdump checks for a SNAP-format packet with an OUI of 0x080007 and the AppleTalk etype.

In the case of Ethernet,  tcpdump checks the Ethernet type field for most of those protocols. The exceptions are:

iso,  stp, and  netbeui

tcpdump checks for an 802.3 frame and then checks the LLC header as it does for FDDI, Token Ring, and 802.11;

atalk

tcpdump checks both for the AppleTalk etype in an Ethernet frame and for a SNAP-format packet as it does for FDDI, Token Ring, and 802.11;

aarp

tcpdump checks for the AppleTalk ARP etype in either an Ethernet frame or an 802.2 SNAP frame with an OUI of 0x000000;

ipx

tcpdump checks for the IPX etype in an Ethernet frame, the IPX DSAP in the LLC header, the 802.3-with-no-LLC-header encapsulation of IPX, and the IPX etype in a SNAP frame.

decnet src  host

True if the DECNET source address is  host, which may be an address of the form ``10.123'', or a DECNET host name. [DECNET host name support is only available on ULTRIX systems that are configured to run DECNET.]

decnet dst  host

True if the DECNET destination address is  host.

decnet host  host

True if either the DECNET source or destination address is  host.

ifname  interface

True if the packet was logged as coming from the specified interface (applies only to packets logged by OpenBSD's  pf(4)).

on  interface

Synonymous with the  ifname modifier.

rnr  num

True if the packet was logged as matching the specified PF rule number (applies only to packets logged by OpenBSD's  pf(4)).

rulenum  num

Synonymous with the  rnr modifier.

reason  code

True if the packet was logged with the specified PF reason code. The known codes are:  match,  bad-offset,  fragment,  short,  normalize, and  memory (applies only to packets logged by OpenBSD's  pf(4)).

rset  name

True if the packet was logged as matching the specified PF ruleset name of an anchored ruleset (applies only to packets logged by  pf(4)).

ruleset  name

Synonymous with the  rset modifier.

srnr  num

True if the packet was logged as matching the specified PF rule number of an anchored ruleset (applies only to packets logged by  pf(4)).

subrulenum  num

Synonymous with the  srnr modifier.

action  act

True if PF took the specified action when the packet was logged. Known actions are:  pass and  block (applies only to packets logged by OpenBSD's  pf(4)).

ip,  ip6,  arp,  rarp,  atalk,  aarp,  decnet,  iso,  stp,  ipx,  netbeui

Abbreviations for:

ether proto p

where  p is one of the above protocols.

lat,  moprc,  mopdl

Abbreviations for:

ether proto p

where  p is one of the above protocols. Note that  tcpdump does not currently know how to parse these protocols.

vlan  [vlan_id]

True if the packet is an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN packet. If  [vlan_id] is specified, only true if the packet has the specified  vlan_id. Note that the first  vlan keyword encountered in expression changes the decoding offsets for the remainder of  expression on the assumption that the packet is a VLAN packet. The  vlan  [vlan_id] expression may be used more than once, to filter on VLAN hierarchies. Each use of that expression increments the filter offsets by 4.

For example:

vlan 100 && vlan 200

filters on VLAN 200 encapsulated within VLAN 100, and

vlan && vlan 300 && ip

filters IPv4 protocols encapsulated in VLAN 300 encapsulated within any higher order VLAN.

mpls  [label_num]

True if the packet is an MPLS packet. If  [label_num] is specified, only true is the packet has the specified  label_num. Note that the first  mpls keyword encountered in  expressionchanges the decoding offsets for the remainder of  expression on the assumption that the packet is a MPLS-encapsulated IP packet. The  mpls  [label_num] expression may be used more than once, to filter on MPLS hierarchies. Each use of that expression increments the filter offsets by 4.

For example:

mpls 100000 && mpls 1024

filters packets with an outer label of 100000 and an inner label of 1024, and

mpls && mpls 1024 && host 192.9.200.1

filters packets to or from 192.9.200.1 with an inner label of 1024 and any outer label.

pppoed

True if the packet is a PPP-over-Ethernet Discovery packet (Ethernet type 0x8863).

pppoes

True if the packet is a PPP-over-Ethernet Session packet (Ethernet type 0x8864). Note that the first  pppoes keyword encountered in  expression changes the decoding offsets for the remainder of  expression on the assumption that the packet is a PPPoE session packet.

For example:

pppoes && ip

filters IPv4 protocols encapsulated in PPPoE.

tcp,  udp,  icmp

Abbreviations for:

ip proto p or ip6 proto p

where  p is one of the above protocols.

iso proto  protocol

True if the packet is an OSI packet of protocol type  protocol.  Protocol can be a number or one of the names  clnp,  esis, or  isis.

clnp,  esis,  isis

Abbreviations for:

iso proto p

where  p is one of the above protocols.

l1,  l2,  iih,  lsp,  snp,  csnp,  psnp

Abbreviations for IS-IS PDU types.

vpi  n

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, with a virtual path identifier of  n.

vci  n

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, with a virtual channel identifier of  n.

lane

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is an ATM LANE packet. Note that the first  lane keyword encountered in  expression changes the tests done in the remainder of  expression on the assumption that the packet is either a LANE emulated Ethernet packet or a LANE LE Control packet. If  lane isn't specified, the tests are done under the assumption that the packet is an LLC-encapsulated packet.

llc

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is an LLC-encapsulated packet.

oamf4s

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is a segment OAM F4 flow cell (VPI=0 & VCI=3).

oamf4e

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is an end-to-end OAM F4 flow cell (VPI=0 & VCI=4).

oamf4

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is a segment or end-to-end OAM F4 flow cell (VPI=0 & (VCI=3 | VCI=4)).

oam

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is a segment or end-to-end OAM F4 flow cell (VPI=0 & (VCI=3 | VCI=4)).

metac

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is on a meta signaling circuit (VPI=0 & VCI=1).

bcc

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is on a broadcast signaling circuit (VPI=0 & VCI=2).

sc

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is on a signaling circuit (VPI=0 & VCI=5).

ilmic

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is on an ILMI circuit (VPI=0 & VCI=16).

connectmsg

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is on a signaling circuit and is a Q.2931 Setup, Call Proceeding, Connect, Connect Ack, Release, or Release Done message.

metaconnect

True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on Solaris, and is on a meta signaling circuit and is a Q.2931 Setup, Call Proceeding, Connect, Release, or Release Done message.

expr relop expr

True if the relation holds, where  relop is one of >, <, >=, <=, =, !=, and  expr is an arithmetic expression composed of integer constants (expressed in standard C syntax), the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /, &, |, <<, >>], a length operator, and special packet data accessors. Note that all comparisons are unsigned, so that, for example, 0x80000000 and 0xffffffff are > 0. To access data inside the packet, use the following syntax:

proto [ expr : size ]

Proto is one of  ether, fddi, tr, wlan, ppp, slip, link, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp, ip6 or  radio, and indicates the protocol layer for the index operation. ( ether, fddi, wlan, tr, ppp, slip and  link all refer to the link layer.  radio refers to the "radio header" added to some 802.11 captures.) Note that  tcp, udp and other upper-layer protocol types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6 (this will be fixed in the future). The byte offset, relative to the indicated protocol layer, is given by  expr.  Size is optional and indicates the number of bytes in the field of interest; it can be either one, two, or four, and defaults to one. The length operator, indicated by the keyword  len, gives the length of the packet.

For example, `ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all multicast traffic. The expression `ip[0] & 0xf != 5' catches all IPv4 packets with options. The expression `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff = 0' catches only unfragmented IPv4 datagrams and frag zero of fragmented IPv4 datagrams. This check is implicitly applied to the tcp and udp index operations. For instance, tcp[0]always means the first byte of the TCP header, and never means the first byte of an intervening fragment.

Some offsets and field values may be expressed as names rather than as numeric values. The following protocol header field offsets are available: icmptype (ICMP type field),icmpcode (ICMP code field), and tcpflags (TCP flags field).

The following ICMP type field values are available: icmp-echoreply, icmp-unreach, icmp-sourcequench, icmp-redirect, icmp-echo, icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routersolicit,icmp-timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-tstampreply, icmp-ireq, icmp-ireqreply, icmp-maskreq, icmp-maskreply.

The following TCP flags field values are available: tcp-fin, tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.

Primitives may be combined using:

A parenthesized group of primitives and operators (parentheses are special to the Shell and must be escaped).

Negation (` !' or ` not').

Concatenation (` &&' or ` and').

Alternation (` ||' or ` or').

Negation has highest precedence. Alternation and concatenation have equal precedence and associate left to right. Note that explicit and tokens, not juxtaposition, are now required for concatenation.

If an identifier is given without a keyword, the most recent keyword is assumed. For example,

not host vs and ace

is short for

not host vs and host ace

which should not be confused with

not ( host vs or ace )

Expression arguments can be passed to tcpdump as either a single argument or as multiple arguments, whichever is more convenient. Generally, if the expression contains Shell metacharacters, it is easier to pass it as a single, quoted argument. Multiple arguments are concatenated with spaces before being parsed.  

EXAMPLES

To capture all packets arriving at or departing from sundown:

host sundown

To capture traffic between helios and either hot or ace:

host helios and \( hot or ace \)

To capture all IP packets between ace and any host except helios:

ip host ace and not helios

To capture all traffic between local hosts and hosts at Berkeley:

net ucb-ether

To capture all ftp traffic through internet gateway snup: (note that the expression is quoted to prevent the shell from (mis-)interpreting the parentheses):

gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)

To capture traffic neither sourced from nor destined for local hosts (if you gateway to one other net, this stuff should never make it onto your local net).

ip and not net localnet

To capture the start and end packets (the SYN and FIN packets) of each TCP conversation that involves a non-local host.

tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-fin) != 0 and not src and dst net localnet

To capture all IPv4 HTTP packets to and from port 80, i.e. print only packets that contain data, not, for example, SYN and FIN packets and ACK-only packets. (IPv6 is left as an exercise for the reader.)

tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)

To capture IP packets longer than 576 bytes sent through gateway snup:

gateway snup and ip[2:2] > 576

To capture IP broadcast or multicast packets that were not sent via Ethernet broadcast or multicast:

ether[0] & 1 = 0 and ip[16] >= 224

To capture all ICMP packets that are not echo requests/replies (i.e., not ping packets):

icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echo and icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echoreply

This was taken from the man page of tcpdump.