下载一个x86的openwrt img
http://downloads.openwrt.org/backfire/10.03.1/x86_generic/openwrt-x86-generic-combined-ext2.img.gz
解压后确认其是一个boot启动文件。
$file openwrt-x86-generic-combined-ext2.img
$qemu-system-i386 --nographic -hda openwrt-x86-generic-combined-ext2.img
一定要指定nographic参数，否则会报unknown keycodes `empty_aliases(qwerty)‘错。
启动后输出：
BusyBox v1.15.3 (2011-11-24 18:38:13 CET) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
_______ ________ __
| |.-----.-----.-----.| | | |.----.| |_
| - || _ | -__| || | | || _|| _|
|_______|| __|_____|__|__||________||__| |____|
|__| W I R E L E S S F R E E D O M
Backfire (10.03.1, r29592) ------------------------
* 1/3 shot Kahlua In a shot glass, layer Kahlua
* 1/3 shot Bailey's on the bottom, then Bailey's,
* 1/3 shot Vodka then Vodka.
---------------------------------------------------
root@OpenWrt:/# ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
NET: Registered protocol family 24
nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (1973 buckets, 7892 max)
CONFIG_NF_CT_ACCT is deprecated and will be removed soon. Please use
nf_conntrack.acct=1 kernel parameter, acct=1 nf_conntrack module option or
sysctl net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct=1 to enable it.
8139too Fast Ethernet driver 0.9.28
e100: Intel(R) PRO/100 Network Driver, 3.5.24-k2-NAPI
e100: Copyright(c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation
Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver - version 7.3.21-k5-NAPI
Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKC] enabled at IRQ 11
e1000 0000:00:03.0: PCI INT A -> Link[LNKC] -> GSI 11 (level, high) -> IRQ 11
e1000: 0000:00:03.0: e1000_probe: (PCI:33MHz:32-bit) 52:54:00:12:34:56
e1000: eth0: e1000_probe: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
ne2k-pci.c:v1.03 9/22/2003 D. Becker/P. Gortmaker
pcnet32.c:v1.35 21.Apr.2008 tsbogend@alpha.franken.de
sis900.c: v1.08.10 Apr. 2 2006
e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: RX
via-rhine.c:v1.10-LK1.4.3 2007-03-06 Written by Donald Becker
device eth0 entered promiscuous mode
br-lan: port 1(eth0) entering forwarding state
root@OpenWrt:/#
下面是帮助：
qemu-system-mips -help
QEMU emulator version 2.1.91, Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
usage: qemu-system-mips [options] [disk_image]
'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0
Standard options:
-h or -help display this help and exit
-version display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
supported accelerators are kvm, xen, tcg (default: tcg)
kernel_irqchip=on|off controls accelerated irqchip support
vmport=on|off controls emulation of vmport (default: on)
kvm_shadow_mem=size of KVM shadow MMU
dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
iommu=on|off controls emulated Intel IOMMU (VT-d) support (default=off)
-cpu cpu select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-smp [cpus=]n[,maxcpus=cpus][,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,sockets=sockets]
set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
maxcpus= maximum number of total cpus, including
offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
cores= number of CPU cores on one socket
threads= number of threads on one CPU core
sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=cpu[-cpu]][,nodeid=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=cpu[-cpu]][,nodeid=node]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.prop=value
set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
[,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m[emory] [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
configure guest RAM
size: initial amount of guest memory (default: 128MiB)
slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
NOTE: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio-help print list of audio drivers and their options
-soundhw c1,... enable audio support
and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)
use '-soundhw help' to get the list of supported cards
use '-soundhw all' to enable all of them
-balloon none disable balloon device
-balloon virtio[,addr=str]
enable virtio balloon device (default)
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
add device (based on driver)
prop=value,... sets driver properties
use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
set the name of the guest
string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name (on Linux)
When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name (on Linux)
NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
specify machine UUID
Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
[,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]][,snapshot=on|off]
[,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
[,serial=s][,addr=A][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
[,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name][,aio=threads|native]
[,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
[,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
[[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
[[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
[[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
[[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
[[,iops_size=is]]
use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-pflash file use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-snapshot write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-hdachs c,h,s[,t]
force hard disk 0 physical geometry and the optional BIOS
translation (t=none or lba) (usually QEMU can guess them)
-fsdev fsdriver,id=id[,path=path,][security_model={mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none}]
[,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=[mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none]
[,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]
-virtfs_synth Create synthetic file system image
USB options:
-usb enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'
Display options:
-display sdl[,frame=on|off][,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]
[,window_close=on|off]|curses|none|
gtk[,grab_on_hover=on|off]|
vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
select display type
-nographic disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-curses use a curses/ncurses interface instead of SDL
-no-frame open SDL window without a frame and window decorations
-alt-grab use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)
-ctrl-grab use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)
-no-quit disable SDL window close capability
-sdl enable SDL
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
[,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
[,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
[,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr][,ipv4|ipv6]
[,tls-ciphers=<list>]
[,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
[,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
[,sasl][,password=<secret>][,disable-ticketing]
[,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
[,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
[,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
[,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste]
[,disable-agent-file-xfer][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
[,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
enable spice
at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-portrait rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)
-rotate <deg> rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD)
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|none]
select video card type
-full-screen start in full screen
-vnc display start a VNC server on display
Network options:
-net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN 'n'
-net user[,vlan=n][,name=str][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr][,restrict=on|off]
[,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr][,dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,tftp=dir]
[,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
connect the user mode network stack to VLAN 'n', configure its
DHCP server and enabled optional services
-net tap[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off][,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
connect the host TAP network interface to VLAN 'n'
use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
to deconfigure it
use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper) to
configure it
use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
(only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
-net bridge[,vlan=n][,name=str][,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
connects a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device 'br'
(default=br0) using the program 'helper'
(default=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper)
-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
connect the vlan 'n' to another VLAN using a socket connection
-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
connect the vlan 'n' to multicast maddr and port
use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
connect the vlan 'n' to another VLAN using an UDP tunnel
-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=f][,len=n]
dump traffic on vlan 'n' to file 'f' (max n bytes per packet)
-net none use it alone to have zero network devices. If no -net option
is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'
-netdev [user|tap|bridge|vhost-user|socket|hubport],id=str[,option][,option][,...]
Character device options:
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4][,ipv6][,nodelay][,reconnect=seconds]
[,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds][,mux=on|off] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds][,mux=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
[,localport=localport][,ipv4][,ipv6][,mux=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
[,mux=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,mux=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off]
Device URL Syntax:
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password]
[,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE
[,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
iSCSI session parameters
Bluetooth(R) options:
-bt hci,null dumb bluetooth HCI - doesn't respond to commands
-bt hci,host[:id]
use host's HCI with the given name
-bt hci[,vlan=n]
emulate a standard HCI in virtual scatternet 'n'
-bt vhci[,vlan=n]
add host computer to virtual scatternet 'n' using VHCI
-bt device:dev[,vlan=n]
emulate a bluetooth device 'dev' in scatternet 'n'
TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
Linux/Multiboot boot specific:
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb file use 'file' as device tree image
Debug/Expert options:
-serial dev redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,default]
-debugcon dev redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file write PID to 'file'
-singlestep always run in singlestep mode
-S freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-realtime [mlock=on|off]
run qemu with realtime features
mlock=on|off controls mlock support (default: on)
-gdb dev wait for gdb connection on 'dev'
-s shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,... enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile output log to logfile (default stderr)
-L path set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-bios file set the filename for the BIOS
-enable-kvm enable KVM full virtualization support
-xen-domid id specify xen guest domain id
-xen-create create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend
warning: should not be used when xend is in use
-xen-attach attach to existing xen domain
xend will use this when starting QEMU
-no-reboot exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown stop before shutdown
-loadvm [tag|id]
start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|date][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off]
enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
instruction and enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
-watchdog i6300esb|ib700
enable virtual hardware watchdog [default=none]
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|pause|debug|none
action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-virtioconsole c
set virtio console
-show-cursor show cursor
-tb-size n set TB size
-incoming p prepare for incoming migration, listen on port p
-nodefaults don't create default devices
-chroot dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
-runas user change to user id user just before starting the VM
-sandbox <arg> Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
-readconfig <file>
-writeconfig <file>
read/write config file
-nodefconfig
do not load default config files at startup
-no-user-config
do not load user-provided config files at startup
-trace [events=<file>][,file=<file>]
specify tracing options
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
create an new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
in the order they are specified. Note that the 'id'
property must be set. These objects are placed in the
'/objects' path.
-msg timestamp[=on|off]
change the format of messages
on|off controls leading timestamps (default:on)
-dump-vmstate <file>
Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
check for possible regressions in migration code
by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt toggle mouse and keyboard grab
When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.
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