python便利贴：python2-3兼容的代码

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-13 10:03:24 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-09-13 10:03:24 发布
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分类专栏： python 文章标签： python
原文链接：https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html
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本文档提供了编写兼容Python 2和3的代码的指导，包括使用`python-future`和`six`库，以及关键语法如`print`、异常处理、字典操作等的转换。确保在不同Python版本间无缝运行。
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Table of Contents

支持包: python-future and six

关键语法

raising exceptions

defining exception and exception chaining

catching exceptions

Division

Long integers

Octal constants

Backtick repr

Unicode String/Byte String/BaseString

Imports relative to a package

Dictionaries

xrange vs range

map

raw_input & input

More

 

版权所有：013-2016 Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia.

作者： Ed Schofield.

许可：Creative Commons Attribution.

pdf版本： http://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.pdf

视频版本： http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOqk8j11aAI&t=10m14s

这个笔记列举了写面向未来的代码（即同时支持python2和3）的一些惯例

对小版本：

  • Python 2: 2.6+
  • Python 3: 3.3+

支持包: python-future and six

python-future是python2和python3之间缺少的兼容层， 其允许你使用一个单一的，干净的python 3.x-compatible基础代码去同时支持python 2和3。这样产生的开销是最小的（minimal overhead）。

我们使用pip install future可以import如下包:

import future
import builtins
import past
import futurize             
import pasteurize

 

目的相同共同相似的包还有python six，可以通过pip install six来安装，安装后，可import如下包：

import six

关键语法

  • print

python2 only:

[wlin@wlin rc_ci]$ ipython2
Python 2.7.5 (default, May 31 2018, 09:41:32) 
In [2]: print 'Hello' 
Hello

for both:

[wlin@wlin python_compatible]$ cat print.py 
from __future__ import print_function
print('hello','world')
[wlin@wlin python_compatible]$ python2 print.py 
hello world
[wlin@wlin python_compatible]$ python3 print.py 
hello world

 

  • raising exceptions

python2 only:

[wlin@wlin python_compatible]$ ipython2 
Python 2.7.5 (default, May 31 2018, 09:41:32) 

In [1]: raise ValueError, "dodgy value"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-1-640428d25114> in <module>()
----> 1 raise ValueError, "dodgy value"

ValueError: dodgy value

In [3]: import sys

In [4]: traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]

In [5]: raise ValueError, "dodgy value", traceback
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-91d00a6d59b2> in <module>()
----> 1 raise ValueError, "dodgy value", traceback

ValueError: dodgy value

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat raise_error.py 
raise ValueError('dodgy value')

#from future.utils import raise_with_traceback
#raise_with_traceback(ValueError("dodgy value"))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 raise_error.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "raise_error.py", line 1, in <module>
    raise ValueError('dodgy value')
ValueError: dodgy value
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 raise_error.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "raise_error.py", line 1, in <module>
    raise ValueError('dodgy value')
ValueError: dodgy value

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat raise_error.py 
#raise ValueError('dodgy value')

from future.utils import raise_with_traceback
raise_with_traceback(ValueError("dodgy value"))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 raise_error.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "raise_error.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise_with_traceback(ValueError("dodgy value"))
  File "<string>", line 7, in raise_with_traceback
ValueError: dodgy value
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 raise_error.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "raise_error.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise_with_traceback(ValueError("dodgy value"))
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/future/utils/__init__.py", line 446, in raise_with_traceback
    raise exc.with_traceback(traceback)
ValueError: dodgy value

  • defining exception and exception chaining

python3 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat exception_class.py 
class DatabaseError(Exception):
  pass

class FileDataBase:
    def __init__(self, filename):
        try:
            self.file = open(filename)
        except IOError as exc:
            raise DatabaseError('Failed to open') from exc

FileDataBase("non_existent_file.txt")

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ vi exception_class.py 
YouCompleteMe unavailable: unable to load Python.
Press ENTER or type command to continue
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 exception_class.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exception_class.py", line 7, in __init__
    self.file = open(filename)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'non_existent_file.txt'

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exception_class.py", line 11, in <module>
    FileDataBase("non_existent_file.txt")
  File "exception_class.py", line 9, in __init__
    raise DatabaseError('Failed to open') from exc
__main__.DatabaseError: Failed to open
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 exception_class.py 
  File "exception_class.py", line 9
    raise DatabaseError('Failed to open') from exc
                                             ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat exception_class.py 
from future.utils import  raise_from

class DatabaseError(Exception):
  pass

class FileDataBase:
    def __init__(self, filename):
        try:
            self.file = open(filename)
        except IOError as exc:
            raise_from(DatabaseError('Failed to open'), exc)

FileDataBase("non_existent_file.txt")
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 exception_class.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exception_class.py", line 9, in __init__
    self.file = open(filename)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'non_existent_file.txt'

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exception_class.py", line 13, in <module>
    FileDataBase("non_existent_file.txt")
  File "exception_class.py", line 11, in __init__
    raise_from(DatabaseError('Failed to open'), exc)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/future/utils/__init__.py", line 403, in raise_from
    exec(execstr, myglobals, mylocals)
  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
__main__.DatabaseError: Failed to open
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 exception_class.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exception_class.py", line 13, in <module>
    FileDataBase("non_existent_file.txt")
  File "exception_class.py", line 11, in __init__
    raise_from(DatabaseError('Failed to open'), exc)
  File "/Users/carawang/Library/Python/2.7/lib/python/site-packages/future/utils/__init__.py", line 483, in raise_from
    raise e
__main__.DatabaseError: Failed to open

  • catching exceptions

python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat catch_exceptions.py 
try:
    raise ValueError('ValueError: dodgy value!')
except ValueError, e:
    print(e.message)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 catch_exceptions.py 
ValueError: dodgy value!
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 catch_exceptions.py 
  File "catch_exceptions.py", line 3
    except ValueError, e:
                     ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat catch_exceptions.py 
try:
    raise ValueError('ValueError: dodgy value!')
except ValueError as e:
    print(e.args)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 catch_exceptions.py 
('ValueError: dodgy value!',)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 catch_exceptions.py 
('ValueError: dodgy value!',)

  • Division

python 2 and python 3 get different results:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat division.py 
result = [2/3, 3/2]
print(result)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 division.py 
[0, 1]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 division.py 
[0.6666666666666666, 1.5]

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat division.py 
from __future__ import division
from past.utils import old_div
result = [2/3, 3/2]
print(result)
result = [old_div(2, 3), old_div(3, 2)]
print(result)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 division.py 
[0.6666666666666666, 1.5]
[0, 1]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 division.py 
[0.6666666666666666, 1.5]
[0, 1]

  • Long integers

Python3  取消了short integers而仅支持int。

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat integer.py 
k = 123456789999
print(type(k))
lk = 123456789999L
print(type(lk))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 integer.py 
<type 'int'>
<type 'long'>
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 integer.py 
  File "integer.py", line 3
    lk = 123456789999L
                     ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat integer.py 
from builtins import int
from past.builtins import long
if isinstance(1234567890, int):
    print(type(1234567890))
if isinstance(1, (int, long)):
    print(type(1))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 integer.py 
<type 'int'>
<type 'int'>
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 integer.py 
<class 'int'>
<class 'int'>
 

  • Octal constants

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat octal_constant.py 
from decimal import Decimal
print(int(Decimal(0644)))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 octal_constant.py 
420
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 octal_constant.py 
  File "octal_constant.py", line 2
    print(int(Decimal(0644)))
                         ^
SyntaxError: invalid token
for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat octal_constant.py 
from decimal import Decimal
print(int(Decimal(0o644)))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 octal_constant.py 
420
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 octal_constant.py 
420

  • Backtick repr

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat repr.py 
hello = "hello"
print(hello)
print(`hello`)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 repr.py 
hello
'hello'
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 repr.py 
  File "repr.py", line 3
    print(`hello`)
          ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
for both:
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat repr.py 
hello = "hello"
print(hello)
print(repr(hello))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 repr.py 
hello
'hello'
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 repr.py 
hello
'hello'

 

  • Unicode String/Byte String/BaseString

我们在此处仅列出兼容的代码

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat string.py 
a_bytestring = b'testing'
a_unicodestring = u'testing'
a_str = 'testing'

print(type(a_bytestring))
print(type(a_unicodestring))
print(type(a_str))
# python3 does not support basetring()
#print(isinstance(a_bytestring, basestring))
print(isinstance(a_bytestring, str))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 string.py 
<type 'str'>
<type 'unicode'>
<type 'str'>
True
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 string.py 
<class 'bytes'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'str'>
False

  • Imports relative to a package

假设包结构为：

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ tree
.
├── __init__.py
├── sub_m1.py
└── sub_m2.py

0 directories, 3 files

for both support:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ cat sub_m2.py
TEST = True
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ cat sub_m1.py 
import sub_m2
print(sub_m2.TEST)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ python2.7 sub_m1.py 
True
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ python3.7 sub_m1.py 
True

for both non-support:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ cat sub_m1.py 
from . import sub_m2
print(sub_m2.TEST)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ cat sub_m2.py 
TEST = True
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ python2.7 sub_m1.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "sub_m1.py", line 1, in <module>
    from . import sub_m2
ValueError: Attempted relative import in non-package
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:my_pkg carawang$ python3.7 sub_m1.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "sub_m1.py", line 1, in <module>
    from . import sub_m2
ImportError: cannot import name 'sub_m2' from '__main__' (sub_m1.py)
这个地方应该有问题。。。。。

  • Dictionaries

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat dict.py 
heights = {'Fred': 175, 'Anne': 166, 'Joe': 192}
for key in heights.iterkeys():
    print(key)
for value in heights.itervalues():
    print(value)
for (key, value) in heights.iteritems():
    print(key, value)
keylist = heights.keys()
valuelist = heights.values()
print(isinstance(keylist, list))
print(keylist)
print(isinstance(valuelist, list))
print(valuelist)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 dict.py 
Anne
Joe
Fred
166
192
175
('Anne', 166)
('Joe', 192)
('Fred', 175)
True
['Anne', 'Joe', 'Fred']
True
[166, 192, 175]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 dict.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "dict.py", line 2, in <module>
    for key in heights.iterkeys():
AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'iterkeys'
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat dict_cp.py 
heights = {'Fred': 175, 'Anne': 166, 'Joe': 192}
#for key in heights.iterkeys():
#    print(key)
#for value in heights.itervalues():
#    print(value)
#for (key, value) in heights.iteritems():
#    print(key, value)
keylist = heights.keys()
valuelist = heights.values()
print(isinstance(keylist, list))
print(keylist)
print(isinstance(valuelist, list))
print(valuelist)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 dict_cp.py
False
dict_keys(['Fred', 'Anne', 'Joe'])
False
dict_values([175, 166, 192])
for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat dict.py 
heights = {'Fred': 175, 'Anne': 166, 'Joe': 192}
for key in heights.keys():
    print(key)
for value in heights.values():
    print(value)
for (key, value) in heights.items():
    print(key, value)
keylist = list(heights)
valuelist = list(heights.values())
print(isinstance(keylist, list))
print(keylist)
print(isinstance(valuelist, list))
print(valuelist)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 dict.py 
Anne
Joe
Fred
166
192
175
('Anne', 166)
('Joe', 192)
('Fred', 175)
True
['Anne', 'Joe', 'Fred']
True
[166, 192, 175]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 dict
/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.7.2_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python: can't open file 'dict': [Errno 2] No such file or directory
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 dict.py 
Fred
Anne
Joe
175
166
192
Fred 175
Anne 166
Joe 192
True
['Fred', 'Anne', 'Joe']
True
[175, 166, 192]

 

  • xrange vs range

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat range.py 
for i in xrange(5):
    print(i)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 range.py 
0
1
2
3
4
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 range.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "range.py", line 1, in <module>
    for i in xrange(5):
NameError: name 'xrange' is not defined

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat range.py 
for i in range(5):
    print(i)
range_list = list(range(5))
print(isinstance(range_list, list))
print(range_list)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 range.py 
0
1
2
3
4
True
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 range.py 
0
1
2
3
4
True
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

  • map

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat map.py 
def f(x):
    return int(x)+1
a_list = list(range(5))
b_list = [f(x) for x in a_list]
c_list = map(f, a_list)
print(type(c_list))
print(b_list)
print(c_list)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 map.py 
<type 'list'>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 map.py 
<class 'map'>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
<map object at 0x106beaac8>

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat map.py 
def f(x):
    return int(x)+1
a_list = list(range(5))
b_list = [f(x) for x in a_list]
c_list = list(map(f, a_list))
print(type(c_list))
print(b_list)
print(c_list)
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 map.py 
<type 'list'>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 map.py 
<class 'list'>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

  • raw_input & input

for python2 only:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat input.py 
name = raw_input('What is your name?')
print("hello {}".format(name))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 input.py 
What is your name?cara
hello cara
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 input.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "input.py", line 1, in <module>
    name = raw_input('What is your name?')
NameError: name 'raw_input' is not defined

 

for both:

carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ cat input.py 
from builtins import input
name = input('What is your name?')
print("hello {}".format(name))
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python2.7 input.py 
True
What is your name?cara
hello cara
carawangs-MacBook-Pro:python_compatible carawang$ python3.7 input.py 
What is your name?cara
hello cara

  • More

 https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html

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制作电脑便利贴软件，通常指的是创建一款类似于Windows操作系统中的“便笺”应用，可以在桌面上创建可移动、可编辑的小窗口，方便用户快速记录和查看信息。这种软件的开发涉及编程语言、用户界面设计和数据存储等多...
PyPI 官网下载 | amulet_map_editor-0.8.5b0-py3-none-any.whl
02-02
总的来说，amulet_map_editor是一个强大的地图编辑工具，它以易于使用的API和丰富的功能，为Python开发者在地图创建和编辑方面提供了便利。无论你是游戏开发新手还是经验丰富的GIS专家，都能从这个库中获益匪浅。...
vim-configuration：为文本编辑和编码构建便利的环境
02-21
本文将深入探讨如何利用Vimscript配置Vim，以创建一个高效、便利的文本编辑和编码环境。 首先，理解Vimscript是配置Vim的基础。Vimscript是一种内置于Vim中的脚本语言，用于定义快捷键（映射）、自定义命令、菜单、...
Python报错:File "<string>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'setAlpha' is not defined
weixin_41698305的博客
03-26 2649
order.configuration = input("请输入要激活的构型名称\n") order.cmd = input("请输入要调用的函数名称\n") order.parament = input("请输入参数\n") 原因:input()是python3的用法,ros里用的pthon2.7,应该用raw_input输入 ...
20210325 Python input函数输入报错File “＜string＞“, line 1, in ＜module＞解决方案
qq_45290991的博客
03-25 1万+
错误记录: python input 输入报错！！ age =input('you think you input number ?') print age12 you think you input number ?jackCheng Traceback (m...
Python报错File “「string」“, line 1, in 「module」 NameError: name ‘q‘ is not defined
求知小鸟
07-03 1万+
Python报错File “”, line 1, in NameError: name ‘q’ is not defined print ("give me tow numbers,and i will divid them.") print ("enter 'q' to quit.") while True: first_number = input("\nFirst number:") if first_number == 'q': break second_
初学Python常见异常错误
大邓和他的Python
10-06 4162
初学Python常见错误忘记写冒号误用=错误 缩紧变量没有定义中英文输入法导致的错误不同数据类型的拼接索引位置问题使用字典中不存在的键忘了括号漏传参数缺失依赖库使用了py...
python内置的进制转换函数
happend的博客
10-15 5180
python内置函数： hex（） 十进制浮点数转换------正确用法–&gt;1.2.hex（） #把浮点型转换成16进制 In [50]: 1.2.hex() Out[50]: '0x1.3333333333333p+0' In [51]: hex(1.2) ------------------------------------TypeError Traceba...
精心整理170道Python面试题，建议先收藏（二）
Blue92120的博客
05-26 7613
简介：精心整理170道Python面试题，建议先收藏（二）
初学Python常见异常错误，总有一处你会遇到！
Python这样学
10-21 8106
初学Python常见异常错误，总有一处你会遇到！ 初学Python常见错误 忘记写冒号 误用= 错误 缩紧 变量没有定义 中英文输入法导致的错误 不同数据类型的拼接 索引位置问题 使用字典中不存在的键 忘了括号 漏传参数 缺失依赖库 使用了python中对关键词 编码问题 对Python感兴趣或者是正在学习的小伙伴，可以加入我们的Python学习扣qun：784758214，看看前辈们是如何...
Runtime errorTraceback (most recent call last) :File “＜string＞“, line 1，in ＜module＞UnicodeDecode
m0_63524338的博客
02-22 1454
理论
Python编程入门：A-Byte-of-Python3中文版解读
作者在书中特别讨论了Python与Perl、Ruby等语言的区别，指出Python 3的现代化改进，如更明确的语法和向后不兼容的更改。 在安装部分，书中详细指导了Linux、BSD、Windows和MacOSX用户如何安装Python环境。对于...
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