离散傅里叶变换的学习与思考

最新推荐文章于 2021-05-10 14:07:59 发布

sonikk

最新推荐文章于 2021-05-10 14:07:59 发布

阅读量2.1k

点赞数

分类专栏： algorithm 文章标签： algorithm DFT FFT

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/sonikk/article/details/8886553

版权

algorithm 专栏收录该内容

6 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

谁是傅里叶？

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier(1768-1830)，一个法国的数学家、物理学家

傅里叶认为：任何连续周期信号都可以由一组适当的正弦曲线组合而成。

拉格朗日认为：正弦曲线无法组合成一个带有棱角的信号(如垂直的方波中非连续变化的斜率)。

傅里叶认为：可以用正弦曲线来非常逼近地表示它（带棱角的信号），逼近到两种表示方法不存在能量差别。

为什么需要傅里叶变换？

个人认为：它首先是一种描述性的工具，把用多个不同的正弦波来描述（逼近）一个函数曲线变成了可能

1. 为了把信号从时域转变成频域来进行分析(物理意义)

2. 为了用多个正弦波叠加来模拟函数曲线 (几何意义、数学意义)

3. 这是一种化繁为简的方式，将看似没有规律的复杂事物用有规律的东西进行表达

什么是时域？

y=F(t)，x坐标是t，y坐标是结果值。按采样时间来分类来描述一件事

什么是频域？

y=F(f)，x坐标是f，y坐标是结果值。按分解频率来分类来描述一件事

傅里叶变换是什么东西？

概念理解：

映射：多个入参 → 一个输出，一个入参 → 一个输出，但是不能是一个入参 → 多个输出

变换：一种数据的转换形式，把一堆数据变成另外一堆数据，可以是一个入参 → 多个输出

什么是离散傅里叶变换？

DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform)

为了计算机能够计算，特点：离散性、周期性、有限长度

什么是逆傅里叶变换？

IFT(Inverse Fourier Transform)

傅里叶变换的反操作，即给定一组傅里叶变换的数据，可以重建得到原始数据。

什么是快速傅里叶变换？

FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)

一种更快地计算傅里叶变换的方法，得到的结果和傅里叶变换完全相同，其本身并不是一种新的或不同的变换[Cooley,1965]。当然也分为正向和逆向变换。

如果用传统的算法进行离散傅里叶变换，速度相对较慢，时间复杂度为O(n*n)，若采用FFT，时间复杂度为O(n*logn)。

FFT使得离散傅立叶变换的计算量减少了几个数量级，使计算机实现实时处理成为可能。

快速傅里叶变换的改进点？

1. 编程技巧(例如在循环外部提前计算一些值)

2. 数学技巧

(可以参考wiki：http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/快速傅里叶变换

或文献：Bracewell, 1965; Brigham, 1974)

一维的傅里叶变换：

入参：一维数组，长度为N，[0]离散的函数曲线描点的y值

出参：二维数组，长度为N，[0]实部，[1]虚部

做傅里叶变换时，实部虚部幅值为什么和采样频率有关呢？

z = a + bi

z[n] = a[n]+b[n]i

复数和正弦函数的关系：

z = a + bi = r(cosθ + isinθ)
r = sqrt(a*a + b*b)
cosθ = a/r
sinθ = b/r

θ = atan2(b,a)

定义：
n: 第n个采样点索引(从1开始)
N: 为采样点总个数
Fs: 采样频率(hz)

香农采样定理：
为了不失真地恢复模拟信号，采样频率应该不小于模拟信号频谱中最高频率的2倍。
Fs≥2*Fmax，采样率的提高要求转换电路必须具有更快的转换速度。

根据香农采样定理，所以Fs = 2 * F (hz)，或 Fs = 2 * F + 1 (hz)

傅里叶变换后得到的复数的物理意义？

由得到的复数可以推到出正弦函数的振幅、频率、相位等参数，这样就可以达到用正弦函数来近似描述曲线的目的。

振幅：A[n] = sqrt(a*a + b*b) / (n/2)
频率：F[n] = (n-1)*Fs/N
相位：P[n] = atan2(b, a) (单位弧度)

参考资料：

理解离散傅立叶变换（一. 傅立叶变换的由来）

http://blog.csdn.net/dznlong/article/details/2261150

FFT结果的物理意义

http://bbs.ednchina.com/BLOG_ARTICLE_182751.HTM

下面是我使用OpenCV做的一个离散傅里叶变换的测试：

void test_dft1()
{
	int i,j;
	CvScalar s, s1;
	double p;
	CvMat* a;

	a = cvCreateMat(1024, 1, CV_32FC2); // 32bit F浮点数 2表示复数
	const double PI = 3.1415926535897932385;

	for(int i=0; i<1024; i++)
	{
		s.val[0] = 2.0 * sin(2.0* PI * i / 128.0) + 5.0;
		s.val[1] = 0.0;
		cvSet1D(a, i, s);
	}

	cvDFT(a, a, CV_DXT_FORWARD, 0);

	for(int i=0; i<1024; i++)
	{
		s = cvGet1D(a, i);
		printf("[%d] a=%10f, b=%10f\n",i, s.val[0], s.val[1]);
	}

	double ret = atan2(-1024, 0.0);
	
	double angle = ret / PI * 180;

	//等待按键事件
	cvWaitKey();
}

使用FFT获得的数据：

[0] a=5120.000000, b=  0.000000
[1] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[2] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[3] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[4] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[5] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[6] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[7] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[8] a=  0.000000, b=-1024.000000
[9] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[10] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[11] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[12] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[13] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[14] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[15] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[16] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[17] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[18] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[19] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[20] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[21] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[22] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[23] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[24] a=  0.000006, b=  0.000020
[25] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[26] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[27] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[28] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[29] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[30] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[31] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[32] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[33] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[34] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[35] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[36] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[37] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[38] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[39] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[40] a= -0.000003, b=  0.000009
[41] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[42] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[43] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[44] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[45] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[46] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[47] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[48] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[49] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[50] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[51] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[52] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[53] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[54] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[55] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[56] a= -0.000003, b= -0.000007
[57] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[58] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[59] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[60] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[61] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[62] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[63] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[64] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[65] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[66] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[67] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[68] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[69] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[70] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[71] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[72] a= -0.000002, b= -0.000016
[73] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[74] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[75] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[76] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[77] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[78] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[79] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[80] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[81] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[82] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[83] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[84] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[85] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[86] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[87] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[88] a=  0.000001, b=  0.000004
[89] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[90] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[91] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[92] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[93] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[94] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[95] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[96] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[97] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[98] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[99] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[100] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[101] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[102] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[103] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[104] a= -0.000003, b= -0.000007
[105] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[106] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[107] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[108] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[109] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[110] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[111] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[112] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[113] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[114] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[115] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[116] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[117] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[118] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[119] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[120] a=  0.000004, b= -0.000014
[121] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[122] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[123] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[124] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[125] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[126] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[127] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[128] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[129] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[130] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[131] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[132] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[133] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[134] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[135] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[136] a= -0.000002, b= -0.000003
[137] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[138] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[139] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[140] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[141] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[142] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[143] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[144] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[145] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[146] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[147] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[148] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[149] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[150] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[151] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[152] a=  0.000002, b= -0.000008
[153] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[154] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[155] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[156] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[157] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[158] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[159] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[160] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[161] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[162] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[163] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[164] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[165] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[166] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[167] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[168] a=  0.000001, b= -0.000009
[169] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[170] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[171] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[172] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[173] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[174] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[175] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[176] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[177] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[178] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[179] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[180] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[181] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[182] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[183] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[184] a= -0.000001, b= -0.000014
[185] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[186] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[187] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[188] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[189] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[190] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[191] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[192] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[193] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[194] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[195] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[196] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[197] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[198] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[199] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[200] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[201] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[202] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[203] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[204] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[205] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[206] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[207] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[208] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[209] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[210] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[211] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[212] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[213] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[214] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[215] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[216] a=  0.000005, b=  0.000008
[217] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[218] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[219] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[220] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[221] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[222] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[223] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[224] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[225] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[226] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[227] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[228] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[229] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[230] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[231] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[232] a= -0.000002, b= -0.000007
[233] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[234] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[235] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[236] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[237] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[238] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[239] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[240] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[241] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[242] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[243] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[244] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[245] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[246] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[247] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[248] a= -0.000030, b= -0.000003
[249] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[250] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[251] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[252] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[253] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[254] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[255] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[256] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[257] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[258] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[259] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[260] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[261] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[262] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[263] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[264] a=  0.000031, b= -0.000033
[265] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[266] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[267] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[268] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[269] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[270] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[271] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[272] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[273] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[274] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[275] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[276] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[277] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[278] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[279] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[280] a= -0.000001, b= -0.000011
[281] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[282] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[283] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[284] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[285] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[286] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[287] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[288] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[289] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[290] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[291] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[292] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[293] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[294] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[295] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[296] a=  0.000002, b= -0.000010
[297] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[298] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[299] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[300] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[301] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[302] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[303] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[304] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[305] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[306] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[307] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[308] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[309] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[310] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[311] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[312] a= -0.000009, b=  0.000003
[313] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[314] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[315] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[316] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[317] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[318] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[319] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[320] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[321] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[322] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[323] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[324] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[325] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[326] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[327] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[328] a=  0.000010, b=  0.000019
[329] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[330] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[331] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[332] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[333] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[334] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[335] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[336] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[337] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[338] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[339] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[340] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[341] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[342] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[343] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[344] a= -0.000006, b=  0.000012
[345] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[346] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[347] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[348] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[349] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[350] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[351] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[352] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[353] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[354] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[355] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[356] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[357] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[358] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[359] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[360] a= -0.000005, b=  0.000022
[361] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[362] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[363] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[364] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[365] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[366] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[367] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[368] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[369] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[370] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[371] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[372] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[373] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[374] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[375] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[376] a= -0.000012, b=  0.000003
[377] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[378] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[379] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[380] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[381] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[382] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[383] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[384] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[385] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[386] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[387] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[388] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[389] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[390] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[391] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[392] a=  0.000013, b= -0.000008
[393] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[394] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[395] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[396] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[397] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[398] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[399] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[400] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[401] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[402] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[403] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[404] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[405] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[406] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[407] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[408] a=  0.000001, b= -0.000018
[409] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[410] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[411] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[412] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[413] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[414] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[415] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[416] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[417] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[418] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[419] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[420] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[421] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[422] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[423] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[424] a= -0.000001, b=  0.000007
[425] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[426] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[427] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[428] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[429] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[430] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[431] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[432] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[433] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[434] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[435] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[436] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[437] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[438] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[439] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[440] a=  0.000008, b= -0.000017
[441] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[442] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[443] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[444] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[445] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[446] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[447] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[448] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[449] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[450] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[451] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[452] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[453] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[454] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[455] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[456] a= -0.000003, b=  0.000022
[457] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[458] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[459] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[460] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[461] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[462] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[463] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[464] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[465] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[466] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[467] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[468] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[469] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[470] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[471] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[472] a=  0.000002, b=  0.000007
[473] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[474] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[475] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[476] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[477] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[478] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[479] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[480] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[481] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[482] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[483] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[484] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[485] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[486] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[487] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[488] a= -0.000000, b=  0.000010
[489] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[490] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[491] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[492] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[493] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[494] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[495] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[496] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[497] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[498] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[499] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[500] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[501] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[502] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[503] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[504] a= -0.000006, b=  0.000031
[505] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[506] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[507] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[508] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[509] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[510] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[511] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[512] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[513] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[514] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[515] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[516] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[517] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[518] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[519] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[520] a= -0.000006, b= -0.000031
[521] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[522] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[523] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[524] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[525] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[526] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[527] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[528] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[529] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[530] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[531] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[532] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[533] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[534] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[535] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[536] a= -0.000000, b= -0.000010
[537] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[538] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[539] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[540] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[541] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[542] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[543] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[544] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[545] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[546] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[547] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[548] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[549] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[550] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[551] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[552] a=  0.000002, b= -0.000007
[553] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[554] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[555] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[556] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[557] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[558] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[559] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[560] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[561] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[562] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[563] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[564] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[565] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[566] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[567] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[568] a= -0.000003, b= -0.000022
[569] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[570] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[571] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[572] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[573] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[574] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[575] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[576] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[577] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[578] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[579] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[580] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[581] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[582] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[583] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[584] a=  0.000008, b=  0.000017
[585] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[586] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[587] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[588] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[589] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[590] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[591] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[592] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[593] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[594] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[595] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[596] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[597] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[598] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[599] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[600] a= -0.000001, b= -0.000007
[601] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[602] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[603] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[604] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[605] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[606] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[607] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[608] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[609] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[610] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[611] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[612] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[613] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[614] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[615] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[616] a=  0.000001, b=  0.000018
[617] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[618] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[619] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[620] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[621] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[622] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[623] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[624] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[625] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[626] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[627] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[628] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[629] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[630] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[631] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[632] a=  0.000013, b=  0.000008
[633] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[634] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[635] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[636] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[637] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[638] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[639] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[640] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[641] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[642] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[643] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[644] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[645] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[646] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[647] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[648] a= -0.000012, b= -0.000003
[649] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[650] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[651] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[652] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[653] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[654] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[655] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[656] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[657] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[658] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[659] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[660] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[661] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[662] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[663] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[664] a= -0.000005, b= -0.000022
[665] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[666] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[667] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[668] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[669] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[670] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[671] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[672] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[673] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[674] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[675] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[676] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[677] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[678] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[679] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[680] a= -0.000006, b= -0.000012
[681] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[682] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[683] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[684] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[685] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[686] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[687] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[688] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[689] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[690] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[691] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[692] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[693] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[694] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[695] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[696] a=  0.000010, b= -0.000019
[697] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[698] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[699] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[700] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[701] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[702] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[703] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[704] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[705] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[706] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[707] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[708] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[709] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[710] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[711] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[712] a= -0.000009, b= -0.000003
[713] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[714] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[715] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[716] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[717] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[718] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[719] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[720] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[721] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[722] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[723] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[724] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[725] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[726] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[727] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[728] a=  0.000002, b=  0.000010
[729] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[730] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[731] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[732] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[733] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[734] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[735] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[736] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[737] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[738] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[739] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[740] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[741] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[742] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[743] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[744] a= -0.000001, b=  0.000011
[745] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[746] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[747] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[748] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[749] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[750] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[751] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[752] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[753] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[754] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[755] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[756] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[757] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[758] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[759] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[760] a=  0.000031, b=  0.000033
[761] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[762] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[763] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[764] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[765] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[766] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[767] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[768] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[769] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[770] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[771] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[772] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[773] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[774] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[775] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[776] a= -0.000030, b=  0.000003
[777] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[778] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[779] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[780] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[781] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[782] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[783] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[784] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[785] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[786] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[787] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[788] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[789] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[790] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[791] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[792] a= -0.000002, b=  0.000007
[793] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[794] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[795] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[796] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[797] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[798] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[799] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[800] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[801] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[802] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[803] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[804] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[805] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[806] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[807] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[808] a=  0.000005, b= -0.000008
[809] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[810] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[811] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[812] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[813] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[814] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[815] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[816] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[817] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[818] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[819] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[820] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[821] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[822] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[823] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[824] a=  0.000000, b= -0.000000
[825] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[826] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[827] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[828] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[829] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[830] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[831] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[832] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[833] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[834] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[835] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[836] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[837] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[838] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[839] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[840] a= -0.000001, b=  0.000014
[841] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[842] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[843] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[844] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[845] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[846] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[847] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[848] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[849] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[850] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[851] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[852] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[853] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[854] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[855] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[856] a=  0.000001, b=  0.000009
[857] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[858] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[859] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[860] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[861] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[862] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[863] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[864] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[865] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[866] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[867] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[868] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[869] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[870] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[871] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[872] a=  0.000002, b=  0.000008
[873] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[874] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[875] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[876] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[877] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[878] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[879] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[880] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[881] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[882] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[883] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[884] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[885] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[886] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[887] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[888] a= -0.000002, b=  0.000003
[889] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[890] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[891] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[892] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[893] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[894] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[895] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[896] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[897] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[898] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[899] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[900] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[901] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[902] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[903] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[904] a=  0.000004, b=  0.000014
[905] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[906] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[907] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[908] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[909] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[910] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[911] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[912] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[913] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[914] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[915] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[916] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[917] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[918] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[919] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[920] a= -0.000003, b=  0.000007
[921] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[922] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[923] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[924] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[925] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[926] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[927] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[928] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[929] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[930] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[931] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[932] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[933] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[934] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[935] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[936] a=  0.000001, b= -0.000004
[937] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[938] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[939] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[940] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[941] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[942] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[943] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[944] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[945] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[946] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[947] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[948] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[949] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[950] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[951] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[952] a= -0.000002, b=  0.000016
[953] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[954] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[955] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[956] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[957] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[958] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[959] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[960] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[961] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[962] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[963] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[964] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[965] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[966] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[967] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[968] a= -0.000003, b=  0.000007
[969] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[970] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[971] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[972] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[973] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[974] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[975] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[976] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[977] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[978] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[979] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[980] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[981] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[982] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[983] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[984] a= -0.000003, b= -0.000009
[985] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[986] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[987] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[988] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[989] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[990] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[991] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[992] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[993] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[994] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[995] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[996] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[997] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[998] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[999] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1000] a=  0.000006, b= -0.000020
[1001] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1002] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1003] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1004] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1005] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1006] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1007] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1008] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1009] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1010] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1011] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1012] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1013] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1014] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1015] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1016] a=  0.000000, b=1024.000000
[1017] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1018] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1019] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1020] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1021] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1022] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000
[1023] a=  0.000000, b=  0.000000

结果分析：
[0] a=5120.000000, b=  0.000000
[8] a=  0.000000, b=-1024.000000

s.val[0] = 2.0 * sin(2.0* PI * i / 128.0) + 5.0;

A = 2.0;
F = 1.0 / 128
P = 0;(余弦) -> P2 = -90°(正弦)
---------------------------------------
取结果的一半：从0~N/2 (对称性)
直流分量：
a[0] / N = 5120/1024 = 5.0

Fs = 1 (1hz)
Fs[n] = (n+1)*1;


A[8] = sqrt(0*0 + 1024*1024) / (N/2) = 1024 / (1024/2) = 2
F[8] = (9-1)*1/1024 = 8 / 1024 = 1/128
P[8] = atan2(1024,0) = -90°
所以，原式为：

y = 5.0 + 2.0 * sin(2.0* PI * x / 128.0)

课外阅读拓展：

斯坦福大学公开课：傅里叶变换及其应用

http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/fouriertransforms.html

sonikk

关注

0
点赞
踩
0

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
0
评论
离散傅里叶变换的学习与思考

谁是傅里叶？Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier(1768-1830)，一个法国的数学家、物理学家傅里叶认为：任何连续周期信号都可以由一组适当的正弦曲线组合而成。拉格朗日认为：正弦曲线无法组合成一个带有棱角的信号(如垂直的方波中非连续变化的斜率)。傅里叶认为：可以用正弦曲线来非常逼近地表示它（带棱角的信号），逼近到两种表示方法不存在能量差别。
复制链接

扫一扫