容器的导入导出以及清理

导出容器

如果要导出本地某个容器，可以使用docker export命令：

$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
8e847a221af5        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"              14 hours ago        Exited (0) 5 seconds ago                        distracted_lalande
888b1857981e        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"              14 hours ago        Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         boring_dijkstra
c74c8288ae0b        ubuntu:14.04        "/bin/bash"              15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         awesome_goldstine

$ docker export 888 > ubuntu.tar
$ ls
Applications        IdeaProjects        Pictures        eclipse-workspace   ubuntu.tar

注意：导出容器的容器ID可以简写，去前面三个字符

可以看见我们把容器已经导出了。

导入容器

可以使用docker import从容器快照文件中再导人为镜像，在操作这个之前，我们可以找个容器，进去修改一些东西。
再将修改的容器导入为镜像文件，然后查看我们修改的文件是否还存在：

B000000094106A:~ zhanghao53$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
8e847a221af5        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         14 hours ago        Exited (0) 12 minutes ago                       distracted_lalande
888b1857981e        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         14 hours ago        Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         boring_dijkstra
c74c8288ae0b        ubuntu:14.04        "/bin/bash"         15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         awesome_goldstine
B000000094106A:~ zhanghao53$ docker start 888
888

$ docker exec -it 888 bash
root@888b1857981e:/# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@888b1857981e:/# mkdir zhanghao
root@888b1857981e:/# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var  zhanghao
root@888b1857981e:/# cd zhanghao/
root@888b1857981e:/zhanghao# ls
root@888b1857981e:/zhanghao# vim
bash: vim: command not found
root@888b1857981e:/zhanghao# apt-get update
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease [242 kB]                         
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [65.4 kB]
... ...
Fetched 24.9 MB in 35s (721 kB/s)                                                                                                            
Reading package lists... Done
root@888b1857981e:/zhanghao# apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  file libexpat1 libgpm2 libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2 libpython3.6 libpython3.6-minimal libpython3.6-stdlib libreadline7 libsqlite3-0
  libssl1.1 mime-support readline-common vim-common vim-runtime xxd xz-utils
Suggested packages:
  gpm readline-doc ctags vim-doc vim-scripts
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  file libexpat1 libgpm2 libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2 libpython3.6 libpython3.6-minimal libpython3.6-stdlib libreadline7 libsqlite3-0
  libssl1.1 mime-support readline-common vim vim-common vim-runtime xxd xz-utils
0 upgraded, 19 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 12.7 MB of archives.
After this operation, 61.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
......

root@888b1857981e:/zhanghao# vim fasdfa.txt
root@888b1857981e:/zhanghao# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 138 May 10 02:45 fasdfa.txt

$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
888b1857981e        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         14 hours ago        Up 4 minutes                            boring_dijkstra
$ docker export 888 > ubuntu.tar
B000000094106A:~ zhanghao53$ ls
Applications        IdeaProjects        Pictures        eclipse-workspace   ubuntu.tar

$ cat ubuntu.tar | docker import - test/ubuntu:v1.0
sha256:cde190ed9432a2b79d0d2a389d4b41e26b9c50d0f314c6b2130a430956f6bbf9
$ docker images;
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
test/ubuntu         v1.0                cde190ed9432        16 seconds ago      168.5 MB
ubuntu              14.04               8cef1fa16c77        12 days ago         222.9 MB
ubuntu              latest              452a96d81c30        12 days ago         79.62 MB
ubuntu              17.10               e4422b8da209        12 days ago         99.22 MB

$ docker run -dit cde /bin/bash
373635d352ca2c4582aa9aa8373d8108c1f92f647a364e20814d7970f84dc367
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
373635d352ca        cde                 "/bin/bash"         8 seconds ago       Up 7 seconds                            amazing_leavitt
888b1857981e        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         14 hours ago        Up 7 minutes                            boring_dijkstra

$ docker exec -it 373 bash
root@373635d352ca:/# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var  zhanghao
root@373635d352ca:/# cd zhanghao/
root@373635d352ca:/zhanghao# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 138 May 10 02:45 fasdfa.txt

除此之外还可以通过指定URL或者某个目录来导入：

docker import http://example.com/exampleimage.tgz example/imagerepo

删除容器

使用docker rm 'CONTAINER ID'命令可以删除容器

在Docker 1.13版本以后，可以使用docker container prune我的版本你不符合，大家可以自己实验一下

save、load、export、import的区别

首先明确一点save、load是操作镜像的，而export、import是操作容器的，这个是根本的区别。

save 和 load

Save命令用于持久化镜像，可以通过下面的命令来保存镜像：

$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
f96b8d635fab        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         13 minutes ago      Up 13 minutes                           sick_fermi
$ docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
ubuntu              latest              452a96d81c30        12 days ago         79.62 MB
$ docker save 452 > ubuntu:latest.tar
$ ls -lh ubuntu\:latest.tar 
-rw-r--r--  1 soygrow  INTERNAL\Domain Users    78M  5 10 11:41 ubuntu:latest.tar

// 首先把容器和镜像都删了
$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
$ docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE

// 从保存的镜像文件中加载
$ docker load < ubuntu\:latest.tar
65bdd50ee76a: Loading layer [==================================================>] 82.09 MB/82.09 MB
ec75999a0cb1: Loading layer [==================================================>] 15.87 kB/15.87 kB
67885e448177: Loading layer [==================================================>] 8.192 kB/8.192 kB
8db5f072feec: Loading layer [==================================================>] 5.632 kB/5.632 kB
059ad60bcacf: Loading layer [==================================================>] 3.072 kB/3.072 kB
Loaded image ID: sha256:452a96d81c30a1e426bc250428263ac9ca3f47c9bf086f876d11cb39cf57aeec

$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
$ docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
<none>              <none>              452a96d81c30        12 days ago         79.62 MB

$ docker tag 452 ubuntu:latest
$ docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
ubuntu              latest              452a96d81c30        12 days ago         79.62 MB

注意：docker load 加载镜像后repository和tag名称都为none，这里可以使用 docker tag 命令添加相应的REPOSITORY和TAG

export 和 import

首先这两个命令是操作容器的，和save、load不同，这两个命令的使用方法在上文中已经介绍了。

区别

• docker import可以重新指定镜像的名字，docker load不可以
• docker export导出的版本会比原来的版本小点，因为导出的版本会丢失历史和元数据

导出后再导入(exported-imported)的镜像会丢失所有的历史，而保存后再加载（saveed-loaded）的镜像没有丢失历史和层(layer)。这意味着使用导出后再导入的方式，你将无法回滚到之前的层(layer)，同时，使用保存后再加载的方式持久化整个镜像，就可以做到层回滚（可以执行docker tag 来回滚之前的层）