SELECT last_name,department_name FROM employees,departments;SELECT last_name,department_name FROM employees CROSSJOIN departments;SELECT last_name,department_name FROM employees INNERJOIN departments;SELECT last_name,department_name FROM employees JOIN departments;
为了避免笛卡尔积, 可以在 WHERE 加入有效的连接条件
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
多表查询分类
等值连接 vs 非等值连接
等值连接
多个连接条件与 AND 操作符
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.department_name, l.location_id
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id = l.location_id;
区分重复的列名
多个表中有相同列时,必须在列名之前加上表名前缀。
在不同表中具有相同列名的列可以用 表名 加以区分。
表的别名
使用别名可以简化查询。
列名前使用表名前缀可以提高查询效率。
非等值连接
SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level
FROM employees e, job_grades j
WHERE e.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;
自连接 vs 非自连接
SELECT CONCAT(worker.last_name ,' works for ', manager.last_name)FROM employees worker, employees manager
WHERE worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id ;
SELECT table1.column, table2.column,table3.columnFROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1 和 table2 的连接条件
JOIN table3 ON table2 和 table3 的连接条件
语法说明:
可以使用 ON 子句指定额外的连接条件。
这个连接条件是与其它条件分开的。
ON 子句使语句具有更高的易读性。
关键字 JOIN、INNER JOIN、CROSS JOIN 的含义是一样的,都表示内连接
内连接(INNER JOIN)
语法:
SELECT 字段列表
FROM A表 INNERJOIN B表
ON 关联条件
WHERE 等其他子句;SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON(e.department_id = d.department_id);
外连接(OUTER JOIN)
左外连接(LEFT OUTER JOIN)
语法:
#实现查询结果是ASELECT 字段列表
FROM A表 LEFTJOIN B表
ON 关联条件
WHERE 等其他子句;SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e
LEFTOUTERJOIN departments d
ON(e.department_id = d.department_id);
右外连接(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)
语法:
#实现查询结果是ASELECT 字段列表
FROM A表 RIGHTJOIN B表
ON 关联条件
WHERE 等其他子句;SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e
RIGHTOUTERJOIN departments d
ON(e.department_id = d.department_id);
满外连接(FULL OUTER JOIN)
满外连接的结果 = 左右表匹配的数据 + 左表没有匹配到的数据 + 右表没有匹配到的数据。
,MySQL不支持FULL JOIN,但是可以用 LEFT JOIN UNION RIGHT join代替。
SELECTcolumn,...FROM table1
UNION[ALL]SELECTcolumn,...FROM table2
# 查询部门编号>90或邮箱包含a的员工信息#方式1SELECT*FROM employees WHERE email LIKE'%a%'OR department_id>90;#方式2SELECT*FROM employees WHERE email LIKE'%a%'UNIONSELECT*FROM employees WHERE department_id>90;# 查询中国用户中男性的信息以及美国用户中年男性的用户信息SELECT id,cname FROM t_chinamale WHERE csex='男'UNIONALLSELECT id,tname FROM t_usmale WHERE tGender='male';
7种SQL JOINS的实现
#左上图:左外连接SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`;
#右上图:右外连接SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`;
#左中图:A - A∩BSELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`WHERE d.`department_id`ISNULL
#右中图:B-A∩BSELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`WHERE e.`department_id`ISNULL
#中图:内连接 A∩BSELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`;
#左下图:满外连接# 左上图 nuion all 右中图SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`WHERE d.`department_id`ISNULLUNIONALL#没有去重操作,效率高SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`;
#右下图#左中图 + 右中图 A ∪B- A∩B 或者 (A - A∩B) ∪ (B - A∩B)SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`WHERE d.`department_id`ISNULLUNIONALLSELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHTJOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`WHERE e.`department_id`ISNULL
SQL99语法新特性
自然连接
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`AND e.`manager_id`= d.`manager_id`;SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e NATURALJOIN departments d;
USING连接
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e ,departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING(department_id);
练习
# 1.显示所有员工的姓名,部门号和部门名称。select e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name
from employees e leftjoin departments d
on e.department_id = d.department_id;# 2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_idselect e.job_id, d.location_id
from employees e join departments d
on e.department_id = d.department_id
where e.department_id =90;# 3.选择所有有奖金的员工的 last_name , department_name , location_id , cityselect last_name, department_name, d.location_id, city
from employees e leftjoin departments d
on e.department_id = d.department_id
leftjoin locations l
on d.location_id = l.location_id
where commission_pct isnotnull;# 4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的 last_name , job_id , department_id , department_nameselect last_name, job_id, e.department_id, department_name
from employees e leftjoin departments d
on e.department_id = d.department_id
leftjoin locations l
on l.location_id = d.location_id
where l.city ='Toronto';SELECT last_name , job_id , e.department_id , department_name
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`AND d.`location_id`= l.`location_id`AND city ='Toronto';# 5.查询员工所在的部门名称、部门地址、姓名、工作、工资,其中员工所在部门的部门名称为’Executive’select d.department_name, street_address, last_name, job_id, salary
from employees e join departments d
on e.department_id = d.department_id
leftjoin locations l
on l.location_id = d.location_id
where d.department_name ='Executive';# 6.选择指定员工的姓名,员工号,以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号,结果类似于下面的格式select e.last_name, e.employee_id "Emp#", p.last_name, p.employee_id "Mgr#"from employees e leftjoin employees p
on e.manager_id = p.employee_id;# 7.查询哪些部门没有员工select d.department_id
from departments d leftjoin employees e
on d.department_id = e.department_id
where e.department_id isnull;# 8. 查询哪个城市没有部门select l.city
from locations l leftjoin departments d
on d.location_id = l.location_id
where d.department_id isnull;# 9. 查询部门名为 Sales 或 IT 的员工信息select last_name
from employees e leftjoin departments d
on e.department_id = d.department_id
where d.department_name in('Sales','IT');