Objective-C 2.0 笔记 (4) Foundation Framework

这次要讨论的是 Objective-C 的基础框架（ Foundation Framework）。

Framework 就是一些类别（classes）、方法（method）、函式 （function）、跟文件（document）的合集。

Framework 通常是程式设计人员，常常会用到的一些功能，因为太常被使用，所以就被开发成 Framework，让做这些事情，有一个共同的方法与标准。可以想见，写 Framework 的人，通常是高手，程式码的品质比较高，考虑的也比较周延。当然你也可以写自己的 Framewok，给别人用，或是卖给别人，常见的有 2D 或是 3D Engine，其实 Engine 也就是 Framework，不过听起来更响亮一些。

Foundation Framework 包含的主题有：

• 基本物件类别，包括数值物件、字串物件、阵列、字典、及集合。
• 记忆体管理。
• 档案管理。

（一） 基本物件类别：

(1) 基本物件类别

• 数值物件（Number Object）
  • 数值物件是用 Objective-C 的类别，把基本的数值型态，如 int、float、double 等，用类别包装起来。之所以这么做，是因为物件集合，所存放的内容，只能是个物件，而不能是机本型别。另外一个理由，就是记忆体管理。
  • 这里举例，用 NSNumber 来存放 int, long, char, float 跟 double，然后再把 NSNumber 内存放的数值取出来。

      1: #import 
      2: 
      3: int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) 
      4: {
      5:     NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
      6: 
      7:   NSNumber *intNumber, *longNumber, *charNumber, *floatNumber, *doubleNumber;
      8:   
      9:   // integer value
     10:   
     11:   intNumber = [NSNumber numberWithInt: 100];
     12:   NSLog(@"%i", [intNumber integerValue]);
     13:   
     14:   // long value
     15:   
     16:   longNumber =[NSNumber numberWithLong: 0xabcdef];
     17:   NSLog(@"%lx", [longNumber longValue]);
     18:   
     19:   // char value
     20:   
     21:   charNumber = [NSNumber numberWithChar:'X'];
     22:   NSLog(@"%c", [charNumber charValue]);
     23:   
     24:   // float value 
     25:   
     26:   floatNumber = [NSNumber numberWithFloat: 100.0];
     27:   NSLog(@"%g", [floatNumber floatValue]);
     28:   
     29:   // double value 
     30:   
     31:   doubleNumber = [NSNumber numberWithDouble: 12345e15];
     32:   NSLog(@"%lg", [doubleNumber doubleValue]);
     33:   
     34:   // test two number for equality
     35:   
     36:   if ([intNumber isEqualToNumber: floatNumber] == YES)
     37:     NSLog(@"Number are equal");
     38:   else 
     39:     NSLog(@"Number are not equal");
     40:   
     41:   // test if one number is <, ==, or > second number
     42:   
     43:   if ([intNumber compare: floatNumber] == NSOrderedAscending)
     44:     NSLog(@"First number is less than second");
     45:   
     46:   NSString *str = @"Programming is fun";
     47:   NSLog(@"%@", str);
     48:   
     49:   NSLog(@"%@", intNumber);
     50:   NSLog(@"%@", longNumber);
     51:   NSLog(@"%@", charNumber);
     52:   NSLog(@"%@", floatNumber);
     53:   NSLog(@"%@", doubleNumber);
     54:   
     55:     [pool drain];
     56:     return 0;
     57: }
     58: 
    

  • 执行结果
  • 
• 字串物件（String Object）
  • 字串物件可以类比成 C++ STL 的 std::string，使用字串物件的好处是可以避免 NULL pointer 所造成的 access violation。
  • 特别注意，Foundation Framework 提供 nonmutable 跟 mutable 两种字串类别物件。这个例子展示了常见的字串处理，例如取得 sub string，搜寻，置换等等。

      1: #import 
      2: 
      3: int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) 
      4: {
      5:     NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
      6:   NSString *str1 = @"This is string A";
      7:   NSString *search, *replace;
      8:   NSMutableString *mstr;
      9:   NSRange substr;
     10:   
     11:   // create a mutable string from nonumtable
     12:   
     13:   mstr = [NSMutableString stringWithString: str1];
     14:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     15:   
     16:   // Insert characters
     17:   
     18:   [mstr insertString: @" mutable" atIndex: 7];
     19:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     20:   
     21:   // Effective concatentation if insert at end
     22:   
     23:   [mstr insertString: @" and string B"  atIndex: [mstr length]];
     24:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     25:   
     26:   
     27:   // Or can use appendString directly
     28:   
     29:   [mstr appendString: @" and string C"];
     30:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     31:   
     32:   // Delete substring based on range
     33:   
     34:   [mstr deleteCharactersInRange: NSMakeRange(16, 13)];
     35:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     36:   
     37:   // Find range first and then use it for deletion
     38:   
     39:   substr = [mstr rangeOfString: @"string B and "];
     40:   if (substr.location != NSNotFound)
     41:   {
     42:     [mstr deleteCharactersInRange: substr];
     43:     NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     44:   }
     45:   
     46:   // Set the mutable string directly
     47:   
     48:   [mstr setString: @"This is string A"];
     49:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     50:   
     51:   // Now let's replace a range of chars with another
     52:   
     53:   [mstr replaceCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(8, 8) withString:@"a mutable string"];
     54:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     55:   
     56:   // Search and replace
     57:   
     58:   search = @"This is";
     59:   replace = @"An example of";
     60:   
     61:   substr = [mstr rangeOfString: search];
     62:   if (substr.location != NSNotFound)
     63:   {
     64:     [mstr replaceCharactersInRange: substr withString: replace];
     65:      NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     66:   }
     67:   
     68:   // Search and replace all occurrences
     69:   
     70:   search = @"a";
     71:   replace = @"X";
     72:   
     73:   substr = [mstr rangeOfString: search];
     74:   while (substr.location != NSNotFound)
     75:   {
     76:     [mstr replaceCharactersInRange:substr withString: replace];
     77:     substr = [mstr rangeOfString: search];
     78:   }
     79:   
     80:   NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
     81:   
     82:     [pool drain];
     83:     return 0;
     84: }
     85: 
    

  • 执行结果
  • 
• 阵列物件（Array Object）
  • 阵列物件，就像是 C++ STL 的 std::vector，阵列物件内可以放任意个数的物件，不过 Objective-C 的阵列物件，专门是用来放物件的。在还没对 Objective-C 熟悉之前，建议是不要 Objective-C 跟 C++ 的语法混用，也就是说，不建议在 Objective-C 用 template 的语法。
  • 举了一个例子，用阵列物件来存放小于 50 的质数

      1: #import 
      2: 
      3: #define MAXPRIME  50
      4: 
      5: int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) 
      6: {
      7:     NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
      8: 
      9:   int i, p, prevPrime;
     10:   BOOL isPrime;
     11:   
     12:   // Createa an array to store the prime numbers
     13:   
     14:   NSMutableArray *primes = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity: 20];
     15:   
     16:   // Store the first two prims (2 and 3) into the array
     17:   
     18:   [primes addObject: [NSNumber numberWithInteger: 2]];
     19:   [primes addObject: [NSNumber numberWithInteger: 3]];
     20:   
     21:   // Calculate the remaining primes 
     22:   
     23:   for (p = 5; p <= MAXPRIME; p += 2)
     24:   {
     25:     // we're testing to see if p is prime
     26:     
     27:     isPrime = YES;
     28:     
     29:     i = 1;
     30:     do {
     31:       prevPrime = [[primes objectAtIndex: i] integerValue];
     32:       
     33:       if (p % prevPrime == 0)
     34:         isPrime = NO;
     35:       
     36:       i++;
     37:     } while (isPrime == YES && p / prevPrime >= prevPrime);
     38:     
     39:     if (isPrime)
     40:       [primes addObject: [NSNumber numberWithInteger: p]];
     41:   }
     42:    
     43:   // display the result 
     44:   
     45:   for (i = 0; i < [primes count]; i++)
     46:   {
     47:     NSLog(@"%li", (long) [[primes objectAtIndex: i] integerValue]);
     48:   }
     49:   
     50:     [pool drain];
     51:     return 0;
     52: }
     53: 
    

  • 执行的结果如下图
  • 
• 字典物件（Dictionary Object）
  • 字典物件，相当于 C++ STL std::map，每次新增一对 (key, value) 然后，你可以用 key 跟 字典物件查询 value。
  • 举了一个例子，key 跟 value 都是 NSString 物件，当然可以放任意的物件。

      1: #import 
      2: 
      3: int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) 
      4: {
      5:     NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
      6: 
      7:   NSMutableDictionary *glossary = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
      8:   
      9:   [glossary setObject: @"A class defined so other classes can inherit from it." 
     10:          forKey: @"abstract class"];
     11:   
     12:   [glossary setObject: @"To implement all the methods defined in a protocol"
     13:          forKey: @"adopt"];
     14:   
     15:   [glossary setObject: @"Storing an object for later use" 
     16:          forKey: @"archiving"];
     17:   
     18:   // Retrieve and display them
     19:   
     20:   NSLog(@"abstract class: %@", [glossary objectForKey: @"abstract class"]);
     21:   NSLog(@"adopt: %@", [glossary objectForKey: @"adopt"]);
     22:   NSLog(@"archiving: %@", [glossary objectForKey: @"archiving"]);
     23:       
     24:   // Print all key-value pairs from the dicionary
     25:   
     26:   for (NSString *key in glossary)
     27:   {
     28:     NSLog(@"%@:%@", key, [glossary objectForKey: key]);
     29:   }
     30:   
     31:   [glossary release];
     32:   
     33:     [pool drain];
     34:     return 0;
     35: }
     36: 
    

  • 执行的结果如下图：
  • 
• 集合物件（Set Object）
  • 集合物件相当于 C++ STL std::set，你可以这样想，就是字典物件，只放 key。集合物件常常用来侦测特定的事件（Event ID），或是特定的错误（Error Code）是否发生过。
  • 举的例子很简单，建立两个集合，帮集合新增及删除元素，求两个集合的交集及联集。其中用到类目（class category）来帮集合新增一个操作 print。

      1: #import 
      2: 
      3: // Create an integer number
      4: #define INTOBJ(v) [NSNumber numberWithInteger: v]
      5: 
      6: // Add print method to NSSet with the Printing category
      7: @interface NSSet (Printing)
      8: -(void) print;
      9: @end
     10: 
     11: @implementation NSSet (Printing)
     12: 
     13: -(void) print
     14: {
     15:   printf("{");
     16:   
     17:   for (NSNumber *element in self)
     18:     printf(" %li ", (long) [element integerValue]);
     19:   
     20:   printf("}/n");
     21: }
     22: 
     23: @end
     24: 
     25: 
     26: int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) 
     27: {
     28:     NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
     29: 
     30:   NSMutableSet *set1 = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:
     31:               INTOBJ(1), INTOBJ(3), INTOBJ(5), INTOBJ(10), nil];
     32:   
     33:   NSMutableSet *set2 = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:
     34:               INTOBJ(-5), INTOBJ(100), INTOBJ(3), INTOBJ(5), nil];
     35:   
     36:   NSMutableSet *set3 = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:
     37:               INTOBJ(12), INTOBJ(200), INTOBJ(3), nil];
     38:   
     39:   NSLog(@"set1: ");
     40:   [set1 print];
     41:   
     42:   NSLog(@"set2: ");
     43:   [set2 print];
     44:   
     45:   // Equality test
     46:   if ([set1 isEqualToSet: set2] == YES)
     47:     NSLog(@"set1 equal set2");
     48:   else 
     49:     NSLog(@"set1 is not equal set2");
     50:   
     51:   // Membership test
     52: 
     53:   if ([set1 containsObject: INTOBJ(10)] == YES)
     54:     NSLog(@"set1 contains 10");
     55:   else 
     56:     NSLog(@"set1 does not contain 10");
     57:   
     58:   if ([set2 containsObject: INTOBJ(10)] == YES)
     59:     NSLog(@"set2 contains 10");
     60:   else 
     61:     NSLog(@"set2 does not contain 10");
     62:   
     63:   // add and remove objects from mutable set set1
     64:   
     65:   [set1 addObject: INTOBJ(4)];
     66:   [set1 removeObject:INTOBJ(10)];
     67:   
     68:   NSLog(@"set1 after adding 4 and removing 10: ");
     69:   [set1 print];
     70:   
     71:   // get intersection of two sets
     72:   
     73:   [set1 intersectSet: set2];
     74:   NSLog(@"set1 intersect set2: ");
     75:   [set1 print];
     76:   
     77:   // union of two sets
     78:   
     79:   [set1 unionSet: set3];
     80:   NSLog(@"set1 union set3: ");
     81:   [set1 print];
     82:   
     83: 
     84: 
     85:   
     86:     [pool drain];
     87:     return 0;
     88: }
     89: 
    

  • 执行结果如下图：
  • 

这一篇部落格已经太长了，让我们在下一篇，继续讨论 Objective-C 记忆体管理，及档案处理。