【Java核心技术】Java 方法传递方式 -- 按值传递

• #### Java程序对对象采用的不是按引用调用，是按值传递的。

  方法不能修改基本数据类型的参数（数值型和布尔型）

  方法可以改变对象参数的状态

  方法不能让一个对象参数的引用一个新的对象

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        /*
         * Test 1: Methods can't modify numeric parameters
         */
        System.out.println("Testing tripleValue:");
        double percent = 10;
        System.out.println("Before: percent=" + percent);
        tripleValue(percent);
        System.out.println("After: percent=" + percent);
        //Testing tripleValue:
		//Before: percent=10.0
		//End of method: x=30.0
		//After: percent=10.0

        /*
         * Test 2: Methods can change the state of object parameters
         */
        System.out.println("\nTesting tripleSalary:");
        Employee harry = new Employee("Harry", 50000);
        System.out.println("Before: salary=" + harry.getSalary());
        tripleSalary(harry);
        System.out.println("After: salary=" + harry.getSalary());
        //Testing tripleSalary:
		//Before: salary=50000.0
		//End of method: salary=150000.0
		//After: salary=150000.0

        /*
         * Test 3: Methods can't attach new objects to object parameters
         */
        System.out.println("\nTesting swap:");
        Employee a = new Employee("Alice", 70000);
        Employee b = new Employee("Bob", 60000);
        System.out.println("Before: a=" + a.getName());
        System.out.println("Before: b=" + b.getName());
        swap(a, b);
        System.out.println("After: a=" + a.getName());
        System.out.println("After: b=" + b.getName());
		//Testing swap:
		//Before: a=Alice
		//Before: b=Bob
		//End of method: x=Bob
		//End of method: y=Alice
		//After: a=Alice
		//After: b=Bob

		/*
		 * Test 4: swap the value
		 */
        Employee temp = a;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
        System.out.println("After: a=" + a.getName());
        System.out.println("After: b=" + b.getName());
        //After: a=Bob
		//After: b=Alice
    }

    public static void tripleValue(double x) // doesn't work
    {
        x = 3 * x;
        System.out.println("End of method: x=" + x);
    }

    public static void tripleSalary(Employee x) // works
    {
        x.raiseSalary(200);
        System.out.println("End of method: salary=" + x.getSalary());
    }

// 解释： 对象x 与传入的对象a 共同指向 "Alice"内存。 交换对象x 的引用并没有能改变对象a的引用。
    public static void swap(Employee x, Employee y)
    {
        Employee temp = x;
        x = y;
        y = temp;
        System.out.println("End of method: x=" + x.getName());
        System.out.println("End of method: y=" + y.getName());
    }
}

class Employee // simplified Employee class
{
    private String name;
    private double salary;

    public Employee(String n, double s)
    {
        name = n;
        salary = s;
    }

    public String getName()
    {
        return name;
    }

    public double getSalary()
    {
        return salary;
    }

    public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
    {
        double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
        salary += raise;
    }
}