死锁,是指多个线程在竞争锁资源时,由于获取不到锁,导致线程的执行流程无限期卡住的情况。例如以下代码,t1线程首先获取了lockA,t2线程获取了lockB;t1线程需要再获取lockB之后才能释放lockA,而t2线程又需要获取lockA之后才能释放lockB。这就导致两个线程各自持有了一把锁,都在等待获取对方持有的另一把锁,而且在获取到对方持有的锁之前,两个线程都不会释放自己已持有的锁。这就如同进入了一个死胡同,两个线程的执行流程就被无限期阻塞,也就是出现了死锁情况。
public class DeadLockDemo {
private static Object lockA = new Object();
private static Object lockB = new Object();
private void deadLockDemo() {
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized (lockA) {
System.out.println("thread 1 had got lockA");
System.out.println("thread 1 wait to get lockB.......");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
synchronized (lockB) {
System.out.println("thread 1 had got lockB");
}
}
}
});
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized (lockB) {
System.out.println("thread 2 had got lockB");
System.out.println("thread 2 wait to get lockA.......");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
synchronized (lockA) {
System.out.println("thread 2 had got lockA");
}
}
}
});
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new DeadLockDemo().deadLockDemo();
}
}
运行结果如下,程序发生死锁情况:
常见的避免死锁的方法:
- 避免一个线程同时获取多个锁
- 在需要获取多个锁时,在各个线程中对多个锁的加锁顺序保持一致
- 加锁之后保证能够解锁,即便在异常情况下也要保证解锁成功