提纲
一、逻辑代数的基本概念
二、逻辑代数的基本定理和规则
三、逻辑函数表达式的形式与变换
四、逻辑函数化简
本章知识点
一、五个公理
二、八个定理
三、三个规则
四、逻辑表达式的形式变换
一、逻辑代数的基本概念
1、逻辑函数的定义及公理
2、逻辑变量及基本运算
3、逻辑函数及逻辑函数间的相等
4、逻辑函数的表示法
逻辑代数亦称为布尔代数,是英国数学家乔治布尔于1849年创立的
逻辑代数的定义:
(1)逻辑代数L是一个封闭的代数系统
(2)由一个逻辑变量集K,常量0和1, 以及“或”、“与” 、“非”三种基本运算所构成
(3)记为:L={K(变量集), +(或运算),点乘号(与运算),-(非运算),0,1}
逻辑代数公理:
公理1:交换律
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\begin{aligned} &A+B=B+A\\ &A \cdot B=B \cdot A \end{aligned}
A+B=B+AA⋅B=B⋅A
公理2:结合律
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\begin{aligned} &(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)\\ &(A \cdot B) \cdot C=A \cdot(B \cdot C) \end{aligned}
(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)(A⋅B)⋅C=A⋅(B⋅C)
公理3:分配律
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\begin{aligned} &A+(B \cdot C)=(A+B) \cdot(A+C)\\ &A \cdot(B+C)=A \cdot B+A \cdot C \end{aligned}
A+(B⋅C)=(A+B)⋅(A+C)A⋅(B+C)=A⋅B+A⋅C
公理4:0-1律
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\begin{aligned} &A+0=A \quad A+1=1\\ &A \cdot 0=0 \quad A \cdot 1=A \end{aligned}
A+0=AA+1=1A⋅0=0A⋅1=A
公理5:互补律
对于任意的逻辑变量A,存在唯一的
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\begin{aligned} &A+\bar{A}=1\\ &A \cdot \bar{A}=0 \end{aligned}
A+Aˉ=1A⋅Aˉ=0
2、逻辑变量及基本运算
(1)逻辑变量
用字母表示其值可以变化的量
腿一逻辑变量的取值: 0, 1
逻辑值0和1无大小、正负之分
(2)逻辑代数的基本运算
基本运算:”或”,”与”,“非”
“或逻辑”:"或”逻辑:决定某一事件是否发生的多个条件中,只要有一个或一个以上条件成立,事件便可发生
或运算:
运算符号:“+”或“
∨
\vee
∨"
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F=A+B \text{或者} F=A \vee B
F=A+B或者F=A∨B
读作:F等于A或B
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\begin{aligned} &0+0=0 \quad 1+0=1\\ &0+1=1 \quad 1+1=1 \end{aligned}
0+0=01+0=10+1=11+1=1
实现“或”运算关系的逻辑电路称为“或”门
与运算:
“与”逻辑:决定某一事件发生的多个条件必须同时具备,事件才会发生
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F=A \cdot B\text{或者}F=A \wedge B
F=A⋅B或者F=A∧B
读作:F等于A与B
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\begin{aligned} &0\cdot 0=0 \quad 1 \cdot 0=0\\ &0 \cdot 1=0 \quad 1 \cdot 1=1 \end{aligned}
0⋅0=01⋅0=00⋅1=01⋅1=1
非运算:
非逻辑:某一事件的发生取决于条件的决定,即事件与事件发生的条件之间构成矛盾
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F=Aˉ或者F=¬A
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\overline{0}=1 \quad \overline{1}=0
0=11=0
实现“非”运算功能的逻辑电路称为“非”门或“反相器”
二、逻辑代数的基本定理和规则
公理推导定理
定理3
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\begin{aligned} & A+A \cdot B \\ =& A \cdot 1+A \cdot B \\ =& A \cdot(1+B) \\ =& A \cdot(B+1) \\ =& A \cdot 1 \\ =& A \end{aligned}
=====A+A⋅BA⋅1+A⋅BA⋅(1+B)A⋅(B+1)A⋅1A
定理4:
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\begin{aligned} &A+\bar{A} B\\ &=(A+\bar{A})(A+B)\\ &=1 \cdot(A+B)\\ &=A+B \end{aligned}
A+AˉB=(A+Aˉ)(A+B)=1⋅(A+B)=A+B
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A⋅(Aˉ+B)=AB
定理5:
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\overline{\bar{A}}=A
Aˉ=A
定理6:
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\overline{A+B}=\bar{A} \cdot \bar{B} \quad \overline{A \cdot B}=\bar{A}+\bar{B}
A+B=Aˉ⋅BˉA⋅B=Aˉ+Bˉ
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\begin{aligned} & \bar{A} \cdot \bar{B}+(A+B) \\ =&(\bar{A} \cdot \bar{B}+A)+B \\ =& (A+\bar{A} \cdot \bar{B})+B \\ =&(A+\bar{B})+B\\ =&A+(\bar{B}+B)\\ =&A+1\\ =&1 \end{aligned}
======Aˉ⋅Bˉ+(A+B)(Aˉ⋅Bˉ+A)+B(A+Aˉ⋅Bˉ)+B(A+Bˉ)+BA+(Bˉ+B)A+11
A ˉ ⋅ B ˉ ⋅ ( A + B ) = A ˉ ⋅ B ˉ ⋅ A + A ˉ ⋅ B ˉ ⋅ B = A ⋅ A ˉ ⋅ B ˉ + A ˉ ⋅ B ⋅ B ˉ = 0 ⋅ B ˉ + A ˉ ⋅ 0 = 0 \begin{aligned} & \bar{A} \cdot \bar{B} \cdot(A+B) \\ =& \bar{A} \cdot \bar{B} \cdot A+\bar{A} \cdot \bar{B} \cdot B \\ =& A \cdot \bar{A} \cdot \bar{B}+\bar{A} \cdot B \cdot \bar{B} \\ =& 0 \cdot \bar{B}+\bar{A} \cdot 0 \\ =& 0 \end{aligned} ====Aˉ⋅Bˉ⋅(A+B)Aˉ⋅Bˉ⋅A+Aˉ⋅Bˉ⋅BA⋅Aˉ⋅Bˉ+Aˉ⋅B⋅Bˉ0⋅Bˉ+Aˉ⋅00
定理7:
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A B+A \bar{B}=A \quad(A+B)(A+\bar{B})=A
AB+ABˉ=A(A+B)(A+Bˉ)=A
定理8:
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\begin{aligned} &A \cdot B+\bar{A} \cdot C+B \cdot C=A \cdot B+\bar{A} \cdot C\\ &(A+B) \cdot(\bar{A}+C) \cdot(B+C)=(A+B) \cdot(\bar{A}+C) \end{aligned}
A⋅B+Aˉ⋅C+B⋅C=A⋅B+Aˉ⋅C(A+B)⋅(Aˉ+C)⋅(B+C)=(A+B)⋅(Aˉ+C)
A ⋅ B + A ˉ ⋅ C + B ⋅ C = A ⋅ B + A ˉ ⋅ C + B ⋅ C ⋅ ( A + A ˉ ) = A ⋅ B + A ˉ ⋅ C + B ⋅ C ⋅ A + B ⋅ C ⋅ A ˉ = A ⋅ B + A ⋅ B ⋅ C + A ˉ ⋅ C + A ˉ ⋅ B ⋅ C = A ⋅ B ( 1 + C ) + A ˉ ⋅ C ( 1 + B ) = A ⋅ B ( C + 1 ) + A ˉ ⋅ C ( B + 1 ) = A ⋅ B + A ˉ ⋅ C \begin{aligned} & A \cdot B+\bar{A} \cdot C+B \cdot C \\ =& A \cdot B+\bar{A} \cdot C+B \cdot C \cdot(A+\bar{A}) \\ =& A \cdot B+\bar{A} \cdot C+B \cdot C \cdot A+B \cdot C \cdot \bar{A} \\ =& A \cdot B+A \cdot B \cdot C+\bar{A} \cdot C+\bar{A} \cdot B \cdot C \\ =& A \cdot B(1+C)+\bar{A} \cdot C(1+B) \\ =& A \cdot B(C+1)+\bar{A} \cdot C(B+1) \\ =& A \cdot B+\bar{A} \cdot C \end{aligned} ======A⋅B+Aˉ⋅C+B⋅CA⋅B+Aˉ⋅C+B⋅C⋅(A+Aˉ)A⋅B+Aˉ⋅C+B⋅C⋅A+B⋅C⋅AˉA⋅B+A⋅B⋅C+Aˉ⋅C+Aˉ⋅B⋅CA⋅B(1+C)+Aˉ⋅C(1+B)A⋅B(C+1)+Aˉ⋅C(B+1)A⋅B+Aˉ⋅C
三、逻辑函数化简:
利用公理和定理化简
方法:
1、代数化简法
2、卡诺图化简法
3、列表化简法
代数化简法:
运用公理、定理和规则
规则:代入规则、反演规则(反函数)、对偶规则
常用的化简方法:
并项法
吸收法(定理3)
消去法(定理4)
配项法(
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A⋅1=A或A+Aˉ=1)
举个例子:
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\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{A}\overline{\mathrm{B}}+\mathrm{B}\overline{\mathrm{C}}+\overline{\mathrm{B}} \mathrm{C}+\overline{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{B} \\ =& \mathrm{A} \overline{\mathrm{B}}+\mathrm{B} \overline{\mathrm{C}}+(\mathrm{A}+\overline{\mathrm{A}}) \overline{\mathrm{B}} \mathrm{C}+\overline{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{B}(\mathrm{C}+\overline{\mathrm{C}}) \\ =& \mathrm{A} \overline{\mathrm{B}}+\mathrm{B} \overline{\mathrm{C}}+\mathrm{AB} \mathrm{C}+\overline{\mathrm{A}} \overline{\mathrm{B}} \mathrm{C}+\overline{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C}+\overline{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{B} \overline{\mathrm{C}} \\ =& \mathrm{A} \overline{\mathrm{B}}+\mathrm{B} \overline{\mathrm{C}}+\overline{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{C} \end{aligned}
===AB+BC+BC+ABAB+BC+(A+A)BC+AB(C+C)AB+BC+ABC+ABC+ABC+ABCAB+BC+AC