简单的字符设备驱动程序

下面我通过《linux设备驱动程序》上的例子scull来介绍字符设备驱动程序。

了解linux设备驱动开发的基本框架对开发人员非常重要，一般来说，开发设备驱动程序大致可以分为以下几个部分：设备的注册与注销、设备的打开与释放（open/close)、设备的读写、设备的控制、设备的中断和轮询等等；

1. 字符设备的注册与注销

linux内核使用struct cdev来表示字符设备，在内核调用该设备之前，必须分配并注册一个或者多个上述结构。该结果的定义如下：

12struct cdev { 13 struct kobject kobj; 14 struct module *owner; 15 const struct file_operations *ops; 16 struct list_head list; 17 dev_t dev; 18 unsigned int count; 19}; 20 21void cdev_init(struct cdev *, const struct file_operations *); 22 23struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void); 24 25void cdev_put(struct cdev *p); 26 27int cdev_add(struct cdev *, dev_t, unsigned); 28 29void cdev_del(struct cdev *);

分配和初始化上述结构的方法有两种。如果想在运行中获得一个独立的cdev结构，则应该编写以下代码：

struct cdev * my_cdev = cdev_alloc();

my_cdev ->ops = &my_ops;

同时，也可以将cdev结果嵌入到已有的设备结构中，如果这样，需要用下面的代码初始化已分配的结构。

    void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev,struct file_operations *fops);

在cdev结构设置好了之后，接下来的步骤就是告诉内核该结构的信息：

    int cdev_add(struct cdev* dev,dev_t num,unsigned int count);

这里的dev是cdev结构，num是该设备对应的第一个设备编号，count是应该和该设备关联的设备编号的数量。只要cdev_add返回了，这个设备就“活”了，它的操作就可能会被内核调用。因此，在驱动程序还没有完全定义好处理该设备的操作时，不能调用cdev_add;

要从系统中移除一个字符设备，采用以下函数调用：

   void cdev_del(struct cdev* dev);

在scull内部，它通过struct scull_dev结构来表示每个设备，该结构的定义如下：

/* * Representation of scull quantum sets. */ struct scull_qset { void **data; struct scull_qset *next; }; struct scull_dev { struct scull_qset *data; /* Pointer to first quantum set */ int quantum; /* the current quantum size */ int qset; /* the current array size */ unsigned long size; /* amount of data stored here */ unsigned int access_key; /* used by sculluid and scullpriv */ struct semaphore sem; /* mutual exclusion semaphore */ struct cdev cdev; /* Char device structure */ }; 

scull对应的设备采用下面的函数来进行注册：

 

/* * Set up the char_dev structure for this device. */ static void scull_setup_cdev(struct scull_dev *dev, int index) { int err, devno = MKDEV(scull_major, scull_minor + index); cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &scull_fops); dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; dev->cdev.ops = &scull_fops; err = cdev_add (&dev->cdev, devno, 1); /* Fail gracefully if need be */ if (err) printk(KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding scull%d", err, index); } 

因为cdev结构被嵌入到struct scull_dev 中，所以要通过cdev_init函数来执行该结构的初始化。

      2.  设备的打开和释放

/* * Open and close */ int scull_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { struct scull_dev *dev; /* device information */ dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct scull_dev, cdev); filp->private_data = dev; /* for other methods */ /* now trim to 0 the length of the device if open was write-only */ if ( (filp->f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) { if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; scull_trim(dev); /* ignore errors */ up(&dev->sem); } return 0; /* success */ } int scull_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { return 0; } 

 

      3.  设备的读和写

 

/* * Data management: read and write */ ssize_t scull_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data; struct scull_qset *dptr; /* the first listitem */ int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset; int itemsize = quantum * qset; /* how many bytes in the listitem */ int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest; ssize_t retval = 0; if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; if (*f_pos >= dev->size) goto out; if (*f_pos + count > dev->size) count = dev->size - *f_pos; /* find listitem, qset index, and offset in the quantum */ item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize; rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize; s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum; /* follow the list up to the right position (defined elsewhere) */ dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); if (dptr == NULL || !dptr->data || ! dptr->data[s_pos]) goto out; /* don't fill holes */ /* read only up to the end of this quantum */ if (count > quantum - q_pos) count = quantum - q_pos; if (copy_to_user(buf, dptr->data[s_pos] + q_pos, count)) { retval = -EFAULT; goto out; } *f_pos += count; retval = count; out: up(&dev->sem); return retval; } ssize_t scull_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { struct scull_dev *dev = filp->private_data; struct scull_qset *dptr; int quantum = dev->quantum, qset = dev->qset; int itemsize = quantum * qset; int item, s_pos, q_pos, rest; ssize_t retval = -ENOMEM; /* value used in "goto out" statements */ if (down_interruptible(&dev->sem)) return -ERESTARTSYS; /* find listitem, qset index and offset in the quantum */ item = (long)*f_pos / itemsize; rest = (long)*f_pos % itemsize; s_pos = rest / quantum; q_pos = rest % quantum; /* follow the list up to the right position */ dptr = scull_follow(dev, item); if (dptr == NULL) goto out; if (!dptr->data) { dptr->data = kmalloc(qset * sizeof(char *), GFP_KERNEL); if (!dptr->data) goto out; memset(dptr->data, 0, qset * sizeof(char *)); } if (!dptr->data[s_pos]) { dptr->data[s_pos] = kmalloc(quantum, GFP_KERNEL); if (!dptr->data[s_pos]) goto out; } /* write only up to the end of this quantum */ if (count > quantum - q_pos) count = quantum - q_pos; if (copy_from_user(dptr->data[s_pos]+q_pos, buf, count)) { retval = -EFAULT; goto out; } *f_pos += count; retval = count; /* update the size */ if (dev->size < *f_pos) dev->size = *f_pos; out: up(&dev->sem); return retval; }