Erlang代码片段

.列表操作

 lists:foreach(fun(X) -> io:format("E=~p~n",[X]) end, [1,2,3]).

 lists:duplicate(10, 16#f).  % [15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15]

 "abc-123" -> "abc"

 no_vsn(Name) -> lists:takewhile(fun($-)->false;(_)-> true end,Name).

 "abc-123" -> "123"

vsn(Name) ->

    case lists:dropwhile(fun($-)->false;(_)->true end,Name) of

    [_Sep|Vsn] -> Vsn;

    _ -> "0"

    end.

 取偶数

 EvenN = lists:filter(fun (N) -> N rem 2 == 0 end,lists:seq(1,100))

折叠

 lists:foldl(fun(F, Last) -> F(Last) end, foo(), [fun whee/1, fun bar/1])

Fun = fun
    (A = #auth{dir = [Dir]}, Acc) -> [{Dir, A}| Acc];
    (A, Acc) -> [A| Acc]
end,
Authdirs = lists:foldr(Fun, [], SC#sconf.authdirs),

 将URL中的空格换成+
 UW = lists:map(fun($ )->$+;(C)->C end,Words)

 判断是否为空格

 is_nb_space(X) ->
    lists:member(X, [$\s, $\t]).

>Data = [{"apple", "red"}, {"banana", "yellow"}, {"pear", "white"}].

>lists:keymember("pear",1,Data).

  true

>lists:keydelete("banana",1,Data).
  [{"apple","red"},{"pear","white"}]

>lists:keyreplace("apple",1,Data,{"tomato", "red"}).
  [{"tomato","red"},{"banana","yellow"},{"pear","white"}]

> rd(user,{id,name}).   %% 用户记录

> lists:keysearch("wang", #user.name, [#user{id=1,name="li"}, #user{id=2,name="wang"}]).

> {value,#user{id = 2,name = "wang"}}

case lists:any(fun(Str) ->lists:prefix(Str, "redColor")end, ["apple","red"]) of
   true -> {ok, Num, [H|T]};
   false -> false
end

装载所有路径中的模块

[code:ensure_loaded(list_to_atom(filename:rootname(filename:basename(F)))) || P <-code:get_path(), F <-filelib:wildcard(P ++ "/*.beam")].

.二进制操作

 -define(BYTE, 8/unsigned-big-integer).

 <<C:2/unit:?BYTE>> 意思就是取两个单位，每单位8bits。

unit的默认值取决于type，如果type是integer或者float，则为1，binary为8。

 <<C:4/binary, _/binary>>意思就是取4个单位，每单位8比特，总共4*8比特

1>A = <<1:32/little,1:8/little>>.   %低位在前
<<1,0,0,0,1>>
2> B = <<1:32/big,1:8/big>>.        %高位在前
 <<0,0,0,1,1>>
3> C = <<1:1,0:1>>.
<<2:2>>

> B = <<3.2:32/big-float>>.
> io:format("~w~n", [B]). 
> <<64,76,204,205>>
> <<R:32/big-float>> = B. 
> R. 
> 3.200000047683716

<< PointID:32/unsigned-little-integer, Value:32/little-float>> = Bin.

bbsl(Bin,Shift) -> <<_:Shift,Rest/bits>> = Bin, <<Rest/bits,0:Shift>>. 

>term_to_binary(32512).
<<131,98,0,0,127,0>>
>term_to_binary(232512518).
<<131,110,4,0,6,220,219,13>>
>term_to_binary(80).
<<131,97,80>>

131 is the version number, 97 is a small integer (8-bit), 98 is a big integer (32-bit), 110 (and 111) are for bignum integers. The rest is the data for the actual numbers.

对于utf相关类型，不能指定unit spec

utf8匹配1－4个bytes（参考RFC-2279） 
utf16匹配2 或 4 个bytes (参考 RFC-2781）
utf32匹配4个 bytes

1> <<1024/utf8>>.
<<208,128>>
2> <<1024/utf16>>.
<<4,0>>
3> <<1024/utf32>>.
<<0,0,4,0>>
4> Bin = <<1024/utf8>>.
<<208,128>>
5> <<U/utf8>> = Bin.
<<208,128>>
6> U.
1024

.Binary Comprehensions

<< <<case X of $a -> $X; _ -> $Yend>> || <<X>><= <<"abcaa">> >>.

返回： <<"XYYXX">>

<< <<X>> || <<X:1>>  <= <<255, 3:2>> >>.

返回： <<1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1>>

1> B = erlang:md5("muzaaya").
<<0,224,129,171,239,187,191,114,178,213,37,129,150,169,182,208>>
2> lists:flatten([io_lib:format("~2.16.0b", [C]) || <<C>> <= B]).
"00e081abefbbbf72b2d5258196a9b6d0"

hexStr(B) whenis_binary(B) ->
    T = {$0, $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$A,$B,$C,$D,$E,$F},
    << <<(element(X bsr 4 + 1, T)), (element(Xband 16#0F + 1, T))>> || <<X:8>> <= B >>.

3> M:hexStr(erlang:md5("muzaaya")).
<<"00E081ABEFBBBF72B2D5258196A9B6D0">>

.位操作

    O2 = ((C1 band 16#03)bsl 4)bor (C2bsr 4).

. 文件操作

Destination = filename:join([code:root_dir(), "include", no_vsn( New_lib )]),

file:make_dir(Destination),

lists:foreach( fun(File) ->

    FileName = lists:last(string:tokens(File,"/\\")),

    file:copy(File, filename:join([Destination,FileName]))

    end,

    filelib:wildcard(filename:join([Source,"*"])) ).

w_ctl_file(Sid, Port, Key) ->
case catch
   begin
     F = yaws:ctl_file(Sid),
     error_logger:info_msg("Ctlfile : ~s~n", [F]),
     file:write_file(F,io_lib:format("~w.", [{Port,Key}])),
    {ok, FI} = file:read_file_info(F),
    ok = file:write_file_info(F, FI#file_info{mode = 8#00600})
   end of
   {'EXIT', _} -> error;
   _ -> ok
end.

remove(Path, File) ->
    Desc = filename:join([Path,File]),
    case filelib:is_dir(Desc) of
    true ->
        case file:list_dir(Desc) of
        {ok,Sub} -> lists:foreach(fun(S) -> remove(Desc,S)end,Sub);
        {error,Reason} -> io:format("error: ~p~n",[Reason])
        end,
        file:del_dir(Desc);
    false ->
        file:delete(Desc)
    end.

file:write_file("test.txt", "12 13 14 15 16 17 18").

{ok, Bin} = file:read_file(File),

Rules = string:tokens(erlang:binary_to_list(Bin), "\n").

 case file:open(File, [write]) of
        {ok, FD} ->
            %io:put_chars(FD, Text), <-- ERROR
            ok = file:close(FD),

            file:write_file(File,unicode:characters_to_binary(Text));   <-- HACK

        {error, R} ->
            R1 = file:format_error(R),
            report("could not write file '~s': ~s.", [File, R1]),
            exit(error)

 end.

 或

 file:open(File, [write, {encoding, utf8}]).

{ok, Fd} = file:open("test_data.dat", [binary, write]),
ok = file:write(Fd,lists:duplicate(100, "1")), 
ok = file:close(Fd).
 

.日期,时间操作

 {{Y,M,D},{H,M,S}} = calendar:local_time().

 calendar:datetime_to_gregorian_seconds(calendar:local_time()). calendar:day_of_the_week(2009,2,24).

next_day({Y, M, D}) ->
    Day1 = calendar:date_to_gregorian_days(Y, M, D),
    calendar:gregorian_days_to_date(Day1 + 1).

w3cdtf(GregSecs) ->

    Date = calendar:gregorian_seconds_to_datetime(GregSecs),
    {{Y, Mo, D},{H, Mi, S}} = Date,
    [UDate|_] = calendar:local_time_to_universal_time_dst(Date),
    {DiffD,{DiffH,DiffMi,_}}=calendar:time_difference(UDate,Date).

.字符串操作

count_chars(String, Char) ->
    length([X || X <- String, X == Char]).

 格式化字符串, 像C语言的sscanf()

 Cmd = io_lib:format(\"cd ~s/include; rm ~s; ln -s ../lib/~s/include ~s\", [code:root_dir(), no_vsn( New_lib ), New_lib, no_vsn( New_lib )]),

os:cmd(Cmd);

 PN = [erlang:list_to_integer(N) || N <-string:tokens( vsn( Package_that_might_be_newer ), "." )],

packages_from_html(Html,Packages) ->
    case string:str(Html,"class=\"package\"") of
    0 -> Packages;
    Start ->
        Sub = string:sub_string(Html,Start),
        T1 = string:sub_string(Sub,string:chr(Sub,$>)+1),
        PName = string:sub_string(T1,1,string:chr(T1,$<)-1),
        T2 = string:sub_string(T1,string:str(T1,"<i>")+3),
        Descr = string:sub_string(T2,1,string:str(T2,"</i>")-1),
        packages_from_html(T2,[{PName,Descr}|Packages])
    end.

当使用Erlang程序与其它语言程序通讯时，可能需要把一个字符串转换成为Erlang的Term，可以这样实现
{ok, Tokens, _} = erl_scan:string(String),
{ok, Term} = erl_parse:parse_term(Tokens).
注意这里的String需要以句号结尾。

例如在erlang shell下：
> {ok, Tokens, _} = erl_scan:string("{1, {2}, [3]}.").
> {ok, {X, Y, Z}} = erl_parse:parse_term(Tokens).

.正则表达式

>[NoRed,NoBlue] = re:split("1 2 3 - 5 6", "-", [{return,list}]).

["1 2 3 ","5 6"]

>{ok, P} =re:compile("\xE2\x80\x93").
{ok,{re_pattern,0,0,
  <<69,82,67,80,53,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,6,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,226,0,147,...>>}}
> re:split([48,32,226,128,147,32,49],P, [{return, list}]).
["0 "," 1"]

.端口操作

1>Port = open_port({spawn, "cat"}, [stream]).
#Port<0.522>
2> port_command(Port, "Hello World\n").
true
3> flush().
Shell got {#Port<0.522>,{data,{eol,"Hello World\n"}}}
ok
4> port_close(Port).
true

spawn_link ( fun () -> tbz2(YPid, Dir) end ),

tbz2(YPid, Dir) ->
    process_flag ( trap_exit , true),  
   P = open_port ({ spawn , "tar cj ."},[{ cd , Dir}, use_stdio , binary , exit_status ]),
   stream_loop(YPid, P).

stream_loop(YPid, P) ->
receive
   {P, {data, Data}} ->
     yaws_api:stream_chunk_deliver_blocking(YPid, Data),
     stream_loop(YPid, P);
   {P, {exit_status, _}} ->
     yaws_api:stream_chunk_end(YPid);
   {'EXIT', YPid, Status} ->
    exit (Status);
   Else ->
    error_logger:error_msg ("Could not deliver zip file: ~p\n", [Else])
end .

getuid() ->
      case os:type () of
          {win32, _} -> {ok, "0"};
          _ ->
              load_setuid_drv(),
              P = open_port ({ spawn , "setuid_drv g"},[]),
              receive
                  {P, {data, "ok " ++ IntList}} ->  {ok, IntList}
              end
      end.

load_setuid_drv() ->
      Path = case yaws_generated:is_local_install() of
          true -> filename:dirname ( code:which (? MODULE )) ++ "/../priv/lib";
          false ->
              PrivDir = code:priv_dir ( yaws ),
              filename:join (PrivDir,"lib")
      end,
      case erl_ddll:load_drive r(Path, "setuid_drv") of
          ok -> ok;
         {error, Reason} ->
              error_logger:format ("Failed to load setuid_drv (from ~p) : ~p",[Path, erl_ddll:format_error(Reason)]),
              exit (normal)
     end.

例外处理

call(URL, Options, Payload) ->
try
   {ok, CallPayloadDeep} = encode_call_payload(Payload)，
   CallPayload = lists:flatten (CallPayloadDeep)，
   {ok, Response} = http:request (post, {URL,
       [{"Content-length",length(CallPayload)}],
       "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",CallPayload},Options, [])，

   RespBody= if (size(Response) == 2) or (size(Response) == 3) ->
                element (size(Response), Response)
             end ,
   decode_call_payload(RespBody)
catch error:Err -> error_logger:error_report ([
                         {'json_rpc:call', error},{error, Err},
                         {stack, erlang:get_stacktrace ()}]),
                   {error,Err}

catch _:_ -> ignore

end.

validate(A, B) ->
try
   mnesia:transaction((fun my_funky_mnesia_test/2)(A,B)) 
catch
   exit:{aborted, all_valid} -> ok; 
   exit:{aborted, Error} -> {error, Error} 
end.

-spec my_funky_mnesia_test(some_t(), another_t()) ->no_return().

my_funky_mnesia_test(A, B) ->
   some_test_db_operations(A, B), 
   mnesia:abort(all_valid).

嵌套记录

-record(name, {first = "Robert", last = "Ericsson"}). 
-record(person, {name = #name{}, phone}). 
demo() -> 
   P = #person{name= #name{first="Robert",last="Virding"}, phone=123}, 

   First = (P#person.name)#name.first.  

动态运行代码
1> FunStr = "fun (A) -> A+B end.". 
2> {ok, Tokens, _} = erl_scan:string(FunStr).
3> {ok, [Form]} = erl_parse:parse_exprs(Tokens).
4> Bindings = erl_eval:add_binding('B', 2, erl_eval:new_bindings()).
5> {value, Fun, _} =erl_eval:expr(Form, Bindings).
6> Fun(1).

remote_load_code(Module, Node) -> 
    {_, Binary, Filename} = code:get_object_code(Module), 
    rpc:call(Node,code,load_binary, [Module, Filename, Binary])

进程关系

Start the supervisor:

1> {ok, Sup} = supervisor:start_link(ignore_sup, []). 
{ok,<0.43.0>}

It has no children:

2> supervisor:which_children(Sup). 
[]

Starting the child:

3> supervisor:start_child(Sup, []). 

=ERROR REPORT==== 13-Apr-2011::18:59:01 ===
Ignoring: <0.46.0>
{ok,undefined}

The child specification is installed:

4> supervisor:which_children(Sup). 
[{undefined,undefined,worker,[ignore_server]}]

But the child process reported above is not alive:

5> is_process_alive(list_to_pid("<0.46.0>")). 
false

info(PlayerId) ->
    Pid = case global:whereis_name(util:getRegName({?MODULE, PlayerId})) of
    P when is_pid(P) -> P;
    _ ->
        {ok, P} = player_sup:start_child(PlayerId),
         P
   end,
   gen_server:call(Pid, info).

进制转换

integer_to_hex(I) ->
      case catcherlang:integer_to_list(I,16) of
          {'EXIT', _} ->
               old_integer_to_hex(I);
          Int ->
               Int
      end.

old_integer_to_hex(I) when I<10 ->
      integer_to_list(I);
old_integer_to_hex(I) when I<16 ->
      [I-10+$A];
old_integer_to_hex(I) when I>=16 ->
      N = trunc(I/16),
      old_integer_to_hex(N) ++ old_integer_to_hex(Irem 16).


%% hex_to_integer
hex_to_integer(Hex) ->
      erlang:list_to_integer(Hex,16).

%% string_to_hex
string_to_hex(String) ->
      HEXC = fun (D)when D > 9 -> $a + D - 10;
                 (D) -> $0 + D
             end,
      lists:foldr(fun (E, Acc) ->
              [HEXC(E div 16),HEXC(Erem 16)|Acc] end, [], String).

%% hex_to_string
hex_to_string(Hex) ->
      DEHEX = fun (H)when H >= $a -> H - $a + 10;
                  (H) when H >= $A -> H - $A + 10;
                  (H) -> H - $0
              end,
  {String, _} =lists:foldr(fun

           (E, {Acc, nolow}) -> {Acc, DEHEX(E)};
           (E, {Acc, LO}) -> {[DEHEX(E)*16+LO|Acc], nolow}
      end, {[], nolow}, Hex),
      String.

数据结构
stdlib中包含大量的数据结构如lists，array，dict，gb_sets，gb_trees，ets，dets等

.gb_trees
1>X = gb_trees:from_orddict(orddict:from_list([{trace,false},{limit,-1},{timeout,-1}])). 
{3,{timeout,-1,{limit,-1,nil,nil},{trace,false,nil,nil}}}

2>gb_trees:update(limit,true,X).
{3,{timeout,-1,{limit,true,nil,nil},{trace,false,nil,nil}}}

.ets/dets

E = ets:new(my_code, [public,set]),
ets:match_delete (E,'_'),

ets:insert(E, {num_files, 0}),
ets:insert(E, {num_bytes, 0}).

%% T = ets:new(?MODULE, [{write_concurrency, true}]). 

{ok,?MODULE}=dets:open_file(?MODULE,[{type,set},{file,"fcnum.dets"}]),
dets:insert(?MODULE, {1, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]}),

dets:insert(?MODULE, {1, [7,6,5,4,3,2,1]}),
dets:close(?MODULE).

>Table = ets:new(foobar, [set,public]).
>ets:tab2list(Table).
[]
> ets:insert(Table, {1}).
true
> ets:insert(Table, {2}).
true
> ets:tab2list(Table).
[{1},{2}]

ets:new(test, [named_table, set, protected]),
ets:insert(test, {a, 1, true, true}),
ets:insert(test, {b, 2, true, true}),
ets:insert(test, {c, 3, true, true}),
ets:insert(test, {d, 2, true, true}),
ets:insert(test, {e, 1, true, true}),
  %ets:match_delete(test, [{['_', '$1', '_', '_'], [{'>', '$1', 2}], []}]),

N = ets:select_delete(test, [{{'$1', '$2', '$3', '$4'}, [{'>', '$2', 2}], [true]}]),

1> rd(data, {id, nick}).
data
2> rd(wrapper, {id, data}).
wrapper

3> L = [#wrapper{id=1,data=#data{id=1}},#wrapper{id=2,data=#data{id=2,nick=n}}].
[#wrapper{id = 1,data = #data{id = 1,nick = undefined}},
#wrapper{id = 2,data = #data{id = 2,nick = n}}]

4> qlc:e(qlc:q([W ||#wrapper{data =#data{nick = N}} =W <- L, N =/=undefined])).
[#wrapper{id = 2,data = #data{id = 2,nick = n}}]

.系统管理

%查看节点的内存消耗

> erlang:memory().

%查看进程占用内存
> spawn(fun() -> etop:start([{output, text}, {interval, 1}, {lines, 20}, {sort, memory}]) end).

%查看进程状态
> erlang:process_info(pid(X,Y,Z)).

%查看系统字长

> erlang:system_info(wordsize).

%手动gc回收
> erlang:garbage_collect(pid(X,Y,Z)).