三角函数幂的积分处理
1. 积分形式
1.1 ∫ sin m ( x ) cos n ( x ) d x \int \sin^m(x) \cos^n(x) \, dx ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx
1.1.1 当 n n n 为奇数时
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分离奇数次幂
如果 cos n ( x ) \cos^n(x) cosn(x) 是奇数次幂,可以将其分解为 cos n − 1 ( x ) ⋅ cos ( x ) \cos^{n-1}(x) \cdot \cos(x) cosn−1(x)⋅cos(x):
∫ sin m ( x ) cos n ( x ) d x = ∫ sin m ( x ) ⋅ cos n − 1 ( x ) ⋅ cos ( x ) d x \int \sin^m(x) \cos^n(x) \, dx = \int \sin^m(x) \cdot \cos^{n-1}(x) \cdot \cos(x) \, dx ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx=∫sinm(x)⋅cosn−1(x)⋅cos(x)dx -
代换法
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代换 cos ( x ) = u \cos(x) = u cos(x)=u
设 u = cos ( x ) u = \cos(x) u=cos(x),则 − sin ( x ) d x = d u -\sin(x) \, dx = du −sin(x)dx=du 或 sin ( x ) d x = − d u \sin(x) \, dx = -du sin(x)dx=−du:
∫ sin m ( x ) cos n ( x ) d x = − ∫ sin m ( x ) ⋅ u n − 1 d u \int \sin^m(x) \cos^n(x) \, dx = -\int \sin^m(x) \cdot u^{n-1} \, du ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx=−∫sinm(x)⋅un−1du使用 sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − cos 2 ( x ) \sin^2(x) = 1 - \cos^2(x) sin2(x)=1−cos2(x),即 sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − u 2 \sin^2(x) = 1 - u^2 sin2(x)=1−u2,所以:
sin m ( x ) = ( 1 − u 2 ) m / 2 \sin^m(x) = (1 - u^2)^{m/2} sinm(x)=(1−u2)m/2代入得到:
∫ sin m ( x ) cos n ( x ) d x = − ∫ ( 1 − u 2 ) m / 2 ⋅ u n − 1 d u \int \sin^m(x) \cos^n(x) \, dx = -\int (1 - u^2)^{m/2} \cdot u^{n-1} \, du ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx=−∫(1−u2)m/2⋅un−1du -
例子
计算 ∫ sin 2 ( x ) cos 3 ( x ) d x \int \sin^2(x) \cos^3(x) \, dx ∫sin2(x)cos3(x)dx:
设 cos ( x ) = u \cos(x) = u cos(x)=u,则 sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − u 2 \sin^2(x) = 1 - u^2 sin2(x)=1−u2,所以:
∫ sin 2 ( x ) cos 3 ( x ) d x = − ∫ ( 1 − u 2 ) ⋅ u 2 d u = − ∫ ( u 2 − u 4 ) d u \int \sin^2(x) \cos^3(x) \, dx = -\int (1 - u^2) \cdot u^2 \, du = -\int (u^2 - u^4) \, du ∫sin2(x)cos3(x)dx=−∫(1−u2)⋅u2du=−∫(u2−u4)du计算得到:
− ( u 3 3 − u 5 5 ) + C = − ( cos 3 ( x ) 3 − cos 5 ( x ) 5 ) + C -\left(\frac{u^3}{3} - \frac{u^5}{5}\right) + C = -\left(\frac{\cos^3(x)}{3} - \frac{\cos^5(x)}{5}\right) + C −(3u3−5u5)+C=−(3cos3(x)−5cos5(x))+C
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1.1.2 当 m m m 为奇数时
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分离奇数次幂
如果 sin m ( x ) \sin^m(x) sinm(x) 是奇数次幂,可以将其分解为 sin m − 1 ( x ) ⋅ sin ( x ) \sin^{m-1}(x) \cdot \sin(x) sinm−1(x)⋅sin(x):
∫ sin m ( x ) cos n ( x ) d x = ∫ sin m − 1 ( x ) ⋅ sin ( x ) ⋅ cos n ( x ) d x \int \sin^m(x) \cos^n(x) \, dx = \int \sin^{m-1}(x) \cdot \sin(x) \cdot \cos^n(x) \, dx ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx=∫sinm−1(x)⋅sin(x)⋅cosn(x)dx -
代换法
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代换 sin ( x ) = u \sin(x) = u sin(x)=u
设 u = sin ( x ) u = \sin(x) u=sin(x),则 cos ( x ) d x = d u \cos(x) \, dx = du cos(x)dx=du:
∫ sin m ( x ) cos n ( x ) d x = ∫ u m ⋅ cos n ( x ) d u \int \sin^m(x) \cos^n(x) \, dx = \int u^m \cdot \cos^n(x) \, du ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx=∫um⋅cosn(x)du使用 cos 2 ( x ) = 1 − sin 2 ( x ) \cos^2(x) = 1 - \sin^2(x) cos2(x)=1−sin2(x),即 cos 2 ( x ) = 1 − u 2 \cos^2(x) = 1 - u^2 cos2(x)=1−u2,所以:
cos n ( x ) = ( 1 − u 2 ) n / 2 \cos^n(x) = (1 - u^2)^{n/2} cosn(x)=(1−u2)n/2代入得到:
∫ u m ⋅ ( 1 − u 2 ) n / 2 d u \int u^m \cdot (1 - u^2)^{n/2} \, du ∫um⋅(1−u2)n/2du -
例子
计算 ∫ sin 3 ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) d x \int \sin^3(x) \cos^2(x) \, dx ∫sin3(x)cos2(x)dx:
设 sin ( x ) = u \sin(x) = u sin(x)=u,则 cos 2 ( x ) = 1 − u 2 \cos^2(x) = 1 - u^2 cos2(x)=1−u2,所以:
∫ sin 3 ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) d x = ∫ u 3 ⋅ ( 1 − u 2 ) d u \int \sin^3(x) \cos^2(x) \, dx = \int u^3 \cdot (1 - u^2) \, du ∫sin3(x)cos2(x)dx=∫u3⋅(1−u2)du展开并计算:
∫ ( u 3 − u 5 ) d u = u 4 4 − u 6 6 + C = sin 4 ( x ) 4 − sin 6 ( x ) 6 + C \int (u^3 - u^5) \, du = \frac{u^4}{4} - \frac{u^6}{6} + C = \frac{\sin^4(x)}{4} - \frac{\sin^6(x)}{6} + C ∫(u3−u5)du=4u4−6u6+C=4sin4(x)−6sin6(x)+C
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总结
- 当 n n n 为奇数时,处理方法是将 cos n ( x ) \cos^n(x) cosn(x) 分解为 cos n − 1 ( x ) ⋅ cos ( x ) \cos^{n-1}(x) \cdot \cos(x) cosn−1(x)⋅cos(x),并通过代换 cos ( x ) = u \cos(x) = u cos(x)=u 将积分转化为 ∫ ( 1 − u 2 ) m / 2 ⋅ u n − 1 d u \int (1 - u^2)^{m/2} \cdot u^{n-1} \, du ∫(1−u2)m/2⋅un−1du。
- 当 m m m 为奇数时,处理方法是将 sin m ( x ) \sin^m(x) sinm(x) 分解为 sin m − 1 ( x ) ⋅ sin ( x ) \sin^{m-1}(x) \cdot \sin(x) sinm−1(x)⋅sin(x),并通过代换 sin ( x ) = u \sin(x) = u sin(x)=u 将积分转化为 ∫ u m ⋅ ( 1 − u 2 ) n / 2 d u \int u^m \cdot (1 - u^2)^{n/2} \, du ∫um⋅(1−u2)n/2du。
通过以上方法,可以有效处理涉及三角函数幂的积分问题。