一、说明
在实际网络程序中,比如服务器程序,需要使用IO复用机制来处理多个客户端的连接和数据收发。Linux系统下常用的IO复用机制有三种:select、poll、epoll。
poll是Linux中的字符设备驱动中的一个函数。Linux 2.5.44版本后,poll被epoll取代。
select用于监视文件描述符的变化情况
epoll是Linux内核为处理大批量文件描述符而作了改进的poll,是Linux下多路复用IO接口select/poll的增强版本,它能显著提高程序在大量并发连接中只有少量活跃的情况下的系统CPU利用率。epoll除了提供select/poll那种IO事件的水平触发(Level Triggered)外,还提供了边缘触发(Edge Triggered),这就使得用户空间程序有可能缓存IO状态,减少epoll_wait/epoll_pwait的调用,提高应用程序效率。
因此,在实际应用中,尤其是大型网络程序中,都是使用epoll这种IO复用机制。
二、epoll机制
2.1 常用API
2.1.1 epoll_create()
#include <sys/epoll.h>
int epoll_create(int size);
作用:创建epoll 句柄
参数说明:
size: 用来告知内核需要开辟支持多少个描述符的空间。主要是初始化的空间,如果用户添加的描述符超过初始空间后,内核会自动增加空间。在Linux 2.6.8版本后,该参数是被忽略的,但是要保证大于0。
返回值:
成功返回一个非负的文件描述符。失败时,返回-1,errno将被设置。
2.1.2 epoll_ctl()
int epoll_ctl(int epfd, int op, int fd,
struct epoll_event *event);
作用:管理描述符事件
返回值:
成功返回一个非负的文件描述符。失败时,返回-1,errno将被设置。
参数说明:
epfd: epoll_create返回的描述符
op: 操作,有如下取值:
EPOLL_CTL_ADD: 添加(注册)描述符对应的事件
EPOLL_CTL_MOD: 修改描述符对应的事件
EPOLL_CTL_DEL: 移除(解注册)描述符对应的事件
event: 事件信息
epoll_event结构体如下:
struct epoll_event {
uint32_t events; /* Epoll events /
epoll_data_t data; / User data variable */
};
events: 监听的事件,是按位设置的变量,类型如下:
EPOLLIN: 读事件
EPOLLOUT: 写事件
EPOLLRDHUP (since Linux 2.6.17):对端断开连接
EPOLLPRI:紧急数据读事件
EPOLLERR: 错误发生事件
EPOLLHUP: 挂起事件
EPOLLET: 边沿触发
data: 用户数据,用于关联fd及其它相关的用户信息。data是一个联合体。
typedef union epoll_data {
void *ptr;
int fd;
uint32_t u32;
uint64_t u64;
} epoll_data_t;
2.1.3 epoll_wait()
int epoll_wait(int epfd, struct epoll_event *events,
int maxevents, int timeout);
作用: 等待发生的I/O事件
参数说明:
epfd: epoll_create返回的描述符
events:等待的事件数组
maxevents: 等待的事件最大数量
timeout: 阻塞等待有事件发生的时间,单位是毫秒。 大于0时,表示阻塞等待有事件发生的时间; -1表示一直阻塞,直到有事件发生; 0表示不管有没有事件发生,都立即返回。
返回值:
成功时返回I/O事件的数量,在超时时返回0. 失败时,返回-1, errno将被设置
2.2 示例分析
2.2.1 最简单的例子
server_udp_epoll.c:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define SERVER_PORT 9999
int server_udp()
{
int ret = 0;
int socket_fd = -1;
int addr_len = 0;
unsigned int value = 1;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
socket_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (socket_fd < 0) {
printf("%s: socket failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
if (setsockopt(socket_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(void *)&value, sizeof(value)) < 0) {
printf("%s: Fail to setsockopt\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
addr_len = sizeof(server_addr);
ret = bind(socket_fd, (const struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, addr_len);
if (ret < 0) {
printf("%s: bind failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
return socket_fd;
on_error:
close(socket_fd);
return -1;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int ret = -1;
int epoll_fd = -1;
int socket_fd = -1;
int read_cnt = 0;
int num = 0;
int i = 0;
char buf[1024] = {0};
int addr_len = 0;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
struct epoll_event event;
struct epoll_event events_array[10];
epoll_fd = epoll_create(10);
if (epoll_fd < 0) {
printf("epoll_create failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
socket_fd = server_udp();
if (socket_fd < 0) {
printf("%s: server_udp failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
return -1;
}
event.events = EPOLLIN;
event.data.fd = socket_fd;
ret = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, socket_fd, &event);
if(ret < 0) {
printf("epoll_ctl failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
close(epoll_fd);
return -1;
}
while (1) {
num = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events_array, 10, -1);
if(num < 0) {
printf("epoll_wait failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
close(epoll_fd);
break;
} else if(num == 0) {
printf("epoll_wait timeout!\n");
continue;
}
for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
if(events_array[i].events == EPOLLIN) {
memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
addr_len = sizeof(client_addr);
ret = recvfrom(events_array[i].data.fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len);
if (ret > 0) {
printf("recv len:%d, data:[%s] from %s:%d\n", ret, buf,
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
} else if (0 == ret) {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
} else {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
client_udp_epoll.c:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define SERVER_PORT 9999
#define CLIENT_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define CLIENT_PORT 10000
int client_udp()
{
int ret = 0;
int socket_fd = -1;
int addr_len = 0;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
char buf[1024] = {"hello world"};
socket_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (socket_fd < 0) {
printf("%s: socket failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
return 0;
}
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP);
memset(&client_addr, 0, sizeof(client_addr));
client_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
client_addr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);
client_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(CLIENT_IP);
addr_len = sizeof(client_addr);
ret = bind(socket_fd, (const struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, addr_len);
if (ret < 0) {
printf("%s: bind failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
close(socket_fd);
return 0;
}
addr_len = sizeof(server_addr);
ret = sendto(socket_fd, buf, strlen(buf), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, addr_len);
if (ret > 0) {
printf("send data: [%s] to %s:%d\n", buf, inet_ntoa(server_addr.sin_addr),
ntohs(server_addr.sin_port));
} else {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
}
close(socket_fd);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
client_udp();
return 0;
}
Makefile:
all:
gcc -o server server_udp_epoll.c
gcc -o client client_udp_epoll.c
clean:
-@rm server client
测试:
$ ./server
recv len:11, data:[hello world] from 127.0.0.1:10000
$ ./client
send data: [hello world] to 127.0.0.1:9999
2.2.2 epoll_wait超时参数timeout
A. 设置为-1,时会一直阻塞,直到有事件发生
num = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events_array, 10, -1);
B. 设置为0时,会立即返回,不管有没有事件发生
C.设置为大于0时,阻塞等待事件发生的时间
num = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events_array, 10, 5000); //5000ms
$ ./server
epoll_wait timeout!
epoll_wait timeout!
recv len:11, data:[hello world] from 127.0.0.1:10000
epoll_wait timeout!
$ ./client
send data: [hello world] to 127.0.0.1:9999
2.2.3 epoll回调函数的使用
server_epoll_cb.c:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define SERVER_PORT1 9999
#define SERVER_PORT2 10000
int g_epoll_fd = -1;
int server_udp1()
{
int ret = 0;
int socket_fd = -1;
int addr_len = 0;
unsigned int value = 1;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
socket_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (socket_fd < 0) {
printf("%s: socket failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
if (setsockopt(socket_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(void *)&value, sizeof(value)) < 0) {
printf("%s: Fail to setsockopt\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT1);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
addr_len = sizeof(server_addr);
ret = bind(socket_fd, (const struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, addr_len);
if (ret < 0) {
printf("%s: bind failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
return socket_fd;
on_error:
close(socket_fd);
return -1;
}
int server_udp2()
{
int ret = 0;
int socket_fd = -1;
int addr_len = 0;
unsigned int value = 1;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
socket_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (socket_fd < 0) {
printf("%s: socket failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
if (setsockopt(socket_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(void *)&value, sizeof(value)) < 0) {
printf("%s: Fail to setsockopt\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT2);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
addr_len = sizeof(server_addr);
ret = bind(socket_fd, (const struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, addr_len);
if (ret < 0) {
printf("%s: bind failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
goto on_error;
}
return socket_fd;
on_error:
close(socket_fd);
return -1;
}
typedef int (*server_callback_t)(struct epoll_event *event, int fd);
enum epoll_cb_id_e {
EPOLL_CB_ID_SERVER1,
EPOLL_CB_ID_SERVER2,
EPOLL_CB_ID_MAX,
};
int server_callback_1(struct epoll_event *event, int fd)
{
int ret = 0;
int addr_len = 0;
char buf[1024] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
memset(&client_addr, 0, sizeof(client_addr));
addr_len = sizeof(client_addr);
if(event->events == EPOLLIN) {
ret = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len);
if (ret > 0) {
printf("%s: server-1 recv len:%d, data:[%s] from %s:%d\n", __FUNCTION__, ret, buf,
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
} else if (0 == ret) {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
} else {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
}
}
return 0;
}
int server_callback_2(struct epoll_event *event, int fd)
{
int ret = 0;
int addr_len = 0;
char buf[1024] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
memset(&client_addr, 0, sizeof(client_addr));
addr_len = sizeof(client_addr);
if(event->events == EPOLLIN) {
ret = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len);
if (ret > 0) {
printf("%s: server-2 recv len:%d, data:[%s] from %s:%d\n", __FUNCTION__, ret, buf,
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
} else if (0 == ret) {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
} else {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
}
}
return 0;
}
server_callback_t g_server_callback[EPOLL_CB_ID_MAX] = {
&server_callback_1,
&server_callback_2,
};
int epoll_event_process(struct epoll_event *event)
{
int cb_id = -1;
int fd = -1;
cb_id = event->data.u64 & 0xffff;
fd = event->data.u64 >> 32;
if (fd < 0) {
printf("%s: invalid fd[%d]\n", __FUNCTION__, fd);
return -1;
}
if (cb_id < 0 || cb_id >= EPOLL_CB_ID_MAX) {
printf("%s: invalid cb id[%d]\n", __FUNCTION__, cb_id);
return -1;
}
printf("cb id:%d, fd:%d\n", cb_id, fd);
(g_server_callback[cb_id])(event, fd);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int ret = -1;
long socket_fd1 = -1;
long socket_fd2 = -1;
int read_cnt = 0;
int num = 0;
int i = 0;
struct epoll_event event;
struct epoll_event events_array[10];
g_epoll_fd = epoll_create(10);
if (g_epoll_fd < 0) {
printf("epoll_create failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
socket_fd1 = server_udp1();
if (socket_fd1 < 0) {
printf("%s: server_udp failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
return -1;
}
socket_fd2 = server_udp2();
if (socket_fd1 < 0) {
printf("%s: server_udp failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
return -1;
}
event.events = EPOLLIN;
event.data.u64 = socket_fd1 << 32 | EPOLL_CB_ID_SERVER1;
ret = epoll_ctl(g_epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, socket_fd1, &event);
if(ret < 0) {
printf("epoll_trl failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
close(g_epoll_fd);
return -1;
}
event.events = EPOLLIN;
event.data.u64 = socket_fd2 << 32 | EPOLL_CB_ID_SERVER2;
ret = epoll_ctl(g_epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, socket_fd2, &event);
if(ret < 0) {
printf("epoll_trl failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
close(g_epoll_fd);
return -1;
}
while (1) {
num = epoll_wait(g_epoll_fd, events_array, 10, -1);
if (num < 0) {
printf("epoll_wait failure:%s\n", strerror(errno));
close(g_epoll_fd);
break;
} else if (num == 0) {
printf("eopll_wait timeout!\n");
continue;
}
for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
epoll_event_process(&events_array[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}
client_epoll_cb.c:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define SERVER_PORT 9999
int client_udp(char *server_ip, int server_port)
{
int ret = 0;
int socket_fd = -1;
int addr_len = 0;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
char buf[1024] = {"hello world"};
socket_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (socket_fd < 0) {
printf("%s: socket failed\n", __FUNCTION__);
return 0;
}
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(server_port);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(server_ip);
addr_len = sizeof(server_addr);
ret = sendto(socket_fd, buf, strlen(buf), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, addr_len);
if (ret > 0) {
printf("send data: [%s] to %s:%d\n", buf, inet_ntoa(server_addr.sin_addr),
ntohs(server_addr.sin_port));
} else {
printf("ret:%d\n", ret);
}
close(socket_fd);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 3) {
printf("usage: %s 127.0.0.1 9999/10000\n", argv[0]);
return -1;
}
client_udp(argv[1], atoi(argv[2]));
return 0;
}
Makefile:
all:
gcc -o server server_epoll_cb.c
gcc -o client client_epoll_cb.c
clean:
-@rm server client
测试:
$ ./client 127.0.0.1 9999
send data: [hello world] to 127.0.0.1:9999
$ ./client 127.0.0.1 10000
send data: [hello world] to 127.0.0.1:10000
$ ./server
cb id:0, fd:4
server_callback_1: server-1 recv len:11, data:[hello world] from 127.0.0.1:56433
cb id:1, fd:5
server_callback_2: server-2 recv len:11, data:[hello world] from 127.0.0.1:37377
三、select机制
3.1 常用API
3.1.1 select()
#include <sys/select.h>
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
作用:监听指定的描述符事件
参数说明:
nfds: readfds,writefds,exceptfds三个集合中文件描述符的范围,设置为三个集合中所有描述符最的值加1
readfds: 监听可以读操作的文件描述符集合
writefds: 监听可以写操作的文件描述符集合
exceptfds: 监听发生错误的文件描述符集合
timeout: 超时参数,有三种情况:
- 设置为NULL时, select一直阻塞,直到有描述符发生变化才返回
- 秒和毫秒变量均设为0时,select不管有没有描述符变化,立即返回
- 超时时间设置为大于0时,select一直阻塞,直到超时或有描述符发生变化才返回。
struct timeval {
long tv_sec; /* seconds /
long tv_usec; / microseconds */
};
返回值:
大于0: 三个集合中描述符发生变化的总数量
0: 没有描述符发生变化
-1: 发生错误,errno将被设置
注:select函数返回后,会改变timeout的值和readfds,writefds,exceptfds三个集合的值。因此再次调用select函数前,需要重置readfds,writefds,exceptfds三个集合和timeout。
3.1.2 FD_XX()
FD_XX()系列函数用来对描述符集合进行增删改查,具体如下:
-
void FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
从集合set中删除描述符fd -
int FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
判断描述符fd是否在集合set中 -
void FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
添加描述符fd到集合set中 -
void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
清空集合set(删除所有的fd)
3.2 示例分析
select_server.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define MAX_RECV_LEN 1024
#define MAX_CLIENT_NUM 30
#define BACK_LOG 20
static int running = 1;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int ret = -1;
int listen_fd = -1;
int new_conn_fd = -1;
char buf[1024] = {0};
int len = 0;
int i = 0;
int max_fd = -1;
int num = -1;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
socklen_t serv_addr_len = 0;
socklen_t cli_addr_len = 0;
int client_fd[MAX_CLIENT_NUM];
char recv_buf[MAX_RECV_LEN];
struct timeval timeout;
unsigned int value = 1;
fd_set read_set;
fd_set select_read_set;
FD_ZERO(&read_set);
FD_ZERO(&select_read_set);
for (i = 0; i < MAX_CLIENT_NUM; i++) {
client_fd[i] = -1;
}
memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
memset(&cli_addr, 0, sizeof(cli_addr));
listen_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (listen_fd < 0) {
perror("Fail to socket");
exit(1);
}
max_fd = listen_fd;
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP);
if (setsockopt(listen_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(void *)&value, sizeof(value)) < 0) {
perror("Fail to setsockopt");
exit(1);
}
serv_addr_len = sizeof(serv_addr);
if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr, serv_addr_len) < 0) {
perror("Fail to bind");
exit(1);
}
if (listen(listen_fd, BACK_LOG) < 0) {
perror("Fail to listen");
exit(1);
}
FD_SET(listen_fd, &read_set);
while (running) {
timeout.tv_sec = 5;
timeout.tv_usec = 0;
max_fd = listen_fd;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_CLIENT_NUM; i++) {
if (max_fd < client_fd[i]) {
max_fd = client_fd[i];
}
}
select_read_set = read_set;
ret = select(max_fd + 1, &select_read_set, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
if (ret == 0) {
printf("timeout\n");
}
else if (ret < 0) {
printf("error occur, ret:%d\n", ret);
}
else {
if (FD_ISSET(listen_fd, &select_read_set)) {
len = sizeof(cli_addr);
new_conn_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&cli_addr, &len);
if (new_conn_fd < 0) {
perror("Fail to accept");
exit(1);
} else {
printf("Client[%d] connect\n", new_conn_fd);
for (i = 0; i < MAX_CLIENT_NUM; i++) {
if (client_fd[i] == -1) {
client_fd[i] = new_conn_fd;
FD_SET(new_conn_fd, &read_set);
break;
}
if (max_fd < new_conn_fd) {
max_fd = new_conn_fd;
}
}
}
} else {
for (i = 0; i < MAX_CLIENT_NUM; i++) {
memset(recv_buf, 0, MAX_RECV_LEN);
if (FD_ISSET(client_fd[i], &select_read_set)) {
num = read(client_fd[i], recv_buf, MAX_RECV_LEN);
if (num < 0) {
printf("Client(%d) error\n", client_fd[i]);
FD_CLR(client_fd[i], &read_set);
close(client_fd[i]);
client_fd[i] = -1;
} else if (num > 0) {
recv_buf[num] = '\0';
printf("Recieve client[%d] data[%s]\n", client_fd[i], recv_buf);
} if (num == 0) {
printf("Client[%d] disconnect\n", client_fd[i]);
FD_CLR(client_fd[i], &read_set);
close(client_fd[i]);
client_fd[i] = -1;
}
}
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
select_client.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define MAX_RECV_LEN 1024
static int running = 1;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sock_fd = -1;
int ret = -1;
char buf[1024] = {0};
int num = 0;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
socklen_t serv_addr_len = 0;
memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock_fd < 0) {
perror("Fail to socket");
exit(1);
}
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP);
serv_addr_len = sizeof(serv_addr);
if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, serv_addr_len) < 0) {
perror("Fail to connect");
exit(1);
}
while (running) {
num = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, MAX_RECV_LEN);
if (num > 0) {
buf[num - 1] = '\0';
printf("buf: %s\n", buf);
num--;
num = write(sock_fd, buf, num);
if (num < 0) {
printf("write failed\n");
exit(1);
}
if (strncmp(buf, "exit", strlen("exit")) == 0) {
printf("Client exit\n");
close(sock_fd);
return 0;
}
}
}
return 0;
}
Makefile:
all:
gcc -o server select_server.c
gcc -o client select_client.c
clean:
-@rm server client
测试:
$ ./server
Client[4] connect
Recieve client[4] data[hello world]
Client[4] disconnect
$ ./client
hello world
buf: hello world
四、poll机制
4.1 常用API
4.1.1 poll()
#include <poll.h>
int poll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout);
作用:监听指定的描述符事件
参数说明:
fds: 监听的描述符数据
nfds:监听的描述符数量
timeout: 超时时间,单位是毫秒。
大于0:表示poll在没有事件发生时的阻塞超时时间
0: 不管有没有事件发生,都立即返回
-1: 阻塞直到有事件发生
返回值:
成功时,返回有事件发生的描述符的数量;超时时返回0。有错误时,返回-1.
struct pollfd {
int fd; /* file descriptor /
short events; / requested events /
short revents; / returned events */
};
fd: 文件描述符
events: 按位设置的变量,是一个输入参数,用于表示监听的事件;如果设置为0,则表明监听所有的事件
revents:按位设置的变量,是一个输出参数,用于表示实际发生的事件
POLLIN :读事件
POLLPRI:紧急读事件
POLLOUT: 写事件
POLLRDHUP: 对端关闭事件
POLLERR : 错误事件
Error condition (output only).
POLLHUP:挂起事件
POLLNVAL: 非法请求
4.2 示例分析
poll_server.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define MAX_RECV_LEN 1024
#define MAX_CLIENT_NUM 30
#define BACK_LOG 20
#define MAX_FDS 10
static int running = 1;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int ret = -1;
int listen_fd = -1;
int new_conn_fd = -1;
char buf[1024] = {0};
int len = 0;
int i = 0;
int num = -1;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
socklen_t serv_addr_len = 0;
socklen_t cli_addr_len = 0;
char recv_buf[MAX_RECV_LEN];
int timeout_ms = 0;
unsigned int value = 1;
int nfds = 0;
struct pollfd pollfds[MAX_FDS];
memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
memset(&cli_addr, 0, sizeof(cli_addr));
memset(pollfds, 0, sizeof(struct pollfd) * sizeof(pollfds));
listen_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (listen_fd < 0) {
perror("Fail to socket");
exit(1);
}
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP);
if (setsockopt(listen_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(void *)&value, sizeof(value)) < 0) {
perror("Fail to setsockopt");
exit(1);
}
serv_addr_len = sizeof(serv_addr);
if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr, serv_addr_len) < 0) {
perror("Fail to bind");
exit(1);
}
if (listen(listen_fd, BACK_LOG) < 0) {
perror("Fail to listen");
exit(1);
}
pollfds[0].fd = listen_fd;
pollfds[0].events = POLLIN;
nfds++;
while (running) {
timeout_ms = 5000;
ret = poll(pollfds, nfds, timeout_ms);
if (ret == 0) {
printf("timeout\n");
}
else if (ret < 0) {
printf("error occur, ret:%d\n", ret);
}
else {
if (pollfds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
len = sizeof(cli_addr);
new_conn_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&cli_addr, &len);
if (new_conn_fd < 0) {
perror("Fail to accept");
exit(1);
} else {
printf("Client[%d] connect\n", new_conn_fd);
for (i = 0; i < MAX_FDS; i++) {
if (pollfds[i].fd == 0) {
pollfds[i].fd = new_conn_fd;
pollfds[i].events = POLLIN;
nfds++;
break;
}
}
}
}
for (i = 1; i < nfds; i++) {
if (pollfds[i].revents & POLLIN) {
num = read(pollfds[i].fd, recv_buf, MAX_RECV_LEN);
if (num < 0) {
close(pollfds[i].fd);
nfds--;
pollfds[i].fd = 0;
pollfds[i].events = 0;
} else if (num > 0) {
recv_buf[num] = '\0';
printf("Recieve client[%d] data[%s]\n", pollfds[i].fd, recv_buf);
} if (num == 0) {
printf("Client[%d] disconnect\n", pollfds[i].fd);
close(pollfds[i].fd);
nfds--;
pollfds[i].fd = 0;
pollfds[i].events = 0;
}
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
pool_client.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1"
#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define MAX_RECV_LEN 1024
static int running = 1;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sock_fd = -1;
int ret = -1;
char buf[1024] = {0};
int num = 0;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
socklen_t serv_addr_len = 0;
memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock_fd < 0) {
perror("Fail to socket");
exit(1);
}
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP);
serv_addr_len = sizeof(serv_addr);
if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, serv_addr_len) < 0) {
perror("Fail to connect");
exit(1);
}
while (running) {
num = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, MAX_RECV_LEN);
if (num > 0) {
buf[num - 1] = '\0';
printf("buf: %s\n", buf);
num--;
num = write(sock_fd, buf, num);
if (num < 0) {
printf("write failed\n");
exit(1);
}
if (strncmp(buf, "exit", strlen("exit")) == 0) {
printf("Client exit\n");
close(sock_fd);
return 0;
}
}
}
return 0;
}
Makefile:
all:
gcc -o server poll_server.c
gcc -o client poll_client.c
clean:
-@rm server client
测试:
$ ./client
hello world
buf: hello world
$ ./server
Client[4] connect
Recieve client[4] data[hello world]
Client[4] disconnect