用C++模板来展示new与delete操作符原理

C++中的new与delete可以认为是C中的malloc与free的升级版本。

new包含两部分，一部分是与malloc功能相同，是从堆上面申请内存块，第二部是调用类的构造方法来初始化刚申请的内存。

delete是new的逆过程，先调用类的析构方法来反初始化，再把刚申请的内存还给堆。

new [] 与delete []是针对数组操作符，要注意是通过new []分配的对象，不能用delete来释放对象，否则会有内存泄漏。当然通过new分配的对象，不能用delete[]来释放对象。后面我会通过代码来说明为什么。

 

下面是C++ 中的new与delete函数原型，申请内存失败会抛出异常bad_alloc

 void* operator new(std::size_t) throw (std::bad_alloc); void* operator new[](std::size_t) throw (std::bad_alloc); void operator delete(void*) throw(); void operator delete[](void*) throw();

 

 使用举例

 int* p1 = new int(); delete p2; int* p2 = new int[5]; delete [] p2;

 

 终于到了用模板来模拟new与delete操作符，代码中有注释说明，其中对于调用类的构造方法，采用一种C++标准中称作in-place construtor的方式。使用原型为T* = new(pbuff) T()，直译的话就是在pbuff这块内存构造T类，而不用再去堆上面申请内存。这种技巧大量应用在对象池的实现中，即pbuff这块内存可以挂在链表中反复地使用（这里先不展开说了）。

 /** * A simulation of c++ new T() & new T(param) operation */ struct NewObj { template <typename T> inline void operator()(T*& pObj) { // allocate memory form heap void * pBuff = malloc(sizeof(T)); // call constructor pObj = new (pBuff) T(); } template <typename T, typename P> inline void operator()(T*& pObj, const P& param) { // allocate memory form heap void * pBuff = malloc(sizeof(T)); // call constructor, pass one param pObj = new(pBuff) T(param); } }; /** * A simulation of c++ delete T operation */ struct DeleteObj { template <typename T> inline void operator()(T*& pObj) { if ( NULL == pObj ) { return ;} // call destructor pObj->~T(); // free memory to heap free((void*)pObj); pObj = NULL; } }; /** * A simulation of c++ new T[N]() operation */ struct NewObjArray { template <typename T> inline void operator()(T*& pObj, unsigned int size) { // save the number of array elements in the beginning of the space. long * pBuff = (long *) malloc (sizeof(T) * size + sizeof(long)); *((unsigned int *) pBuff) = size; pBuff++; // change pointer to T type, then can use pT++ T * pT = (T *) pBuff; // save the pointer to the start of the array. pObj = pT; // now iterate and construct every object in place. for (unsigned int i = 0; i < size; i++) { new((void *) pT) T(); pT++; } } }; /** * A simulation of c++ delete [] T operation */ struct DeleteObjArray { template <typename T> inline void operator()(T*& pObj) { unsigned int size = *((unsigned int *) ((long *) pObj - 1)); T * pT = pObj; // call destructor on every element in the array. for (unsigned int i = 0; i < size; i++) { pT->~T(); pT++; } // free memory to heap. free ((void *) ((long *) pObj - 1)); pObj = NULL; } };

 

 测试代码

 struct TestClass { TestClass() : mem1(0), mem2(0) {} TestClass(int m) : mem1(m), mem2(0) {} int mem1; long mem2; }; void test_new_delete() { TestClass* p1 = NULL; NewObj()(p1); printf("%p/n", p1); DeleteObj()(p1); // TestClass* p2 = NULL; NewObj()(p2, 0); printf("%p/n", p2); DeleteObj()(p2); // TestClass* p3 = NULL; NewObjArray()(p3, 5); printf("%p/n", p3); DeleteObjArray()(p3); }

 

 

 Note:测试环境为eclipse+cdt+ubuntu+gcc，注意头文件需要#include <new>，使用#include <stdlib.h>会导致编译不过，因为in-place construtor是C++中的新玩意。