C++11多线程相关类

C++11 多线程相关的头文件

C++11 新标准中引入了五个头文件来支持多线程编程，他们分别是<atomic> ,<thread>,<mutex>,<condition_variable>和<future>。

• <atomic>：该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag，另外还声明了一套 C 风格的原子类型和与 C 兼容的原子操作的函数。
• <thread>：该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类，另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。
• <mutex>：该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(mutex)相关的类，包括 std::mutex 系列类，std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。
• <condition_variable>：该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类，包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。
• <future>：该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 Provider 类，以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 Future 类，另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数，std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。

thread

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <atomic>
void f1(int n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        std::cout << "Thread " << n << " executing\n";
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
    }
}

void f2(int& n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        std::cout << "Thread 2 executing\n";
        ++n;
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
    }
}
int main()
{
    int n = 0;
    std::thread t1; // t1 is not a thread
    std::thread t2(f1, n + 1); // pass by value
    std::thread t3(f2, std::ref(n)); // pass by reference
    std::thread t4(std::move(t3)); // t4 is now running f2(). t3 is no longer a thread
    t2.join();
    t4.join();
    std::cout << "Final value of n is " << n << '\n';
} 

mutex

#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <thread>         // std::thread
#include <mutex>          // std::mutex

volatile int counter(0); // non-atomic counter
std::mutex mtx;           // locks access to counter

void attempt_10k_increases() {
    for (int i=0; i<10000; ++i) {
        if (mtx.lock()) {   // only increase if currently not locked:
            ++counter;
            mtx.unlock();
        }
    }
}

int main (int argc, const char* argv[]) {
    std::thread threads[10];
    for (int i=0; i<10; ++i)
        threads[i] = std::thread(attempt_10k_increases);

    for (auto& th : threads) th.join();
    std::cout << counter << " successful increases of the counter.\n";

    return 0;
}

condition_variable

创建ThreadA和ThreadB两个线程，线程分别运行的是A和B两个函数，线程ThreadB通过cv.wait()来阻塞等待，线程ThreadA通过修改全局标志位和cv.notify_one()来唤醒ThreadB继续往下运行。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>

using namespace std;

mutex mx;   //全局互斥锁
condition_variable cv;   //全局条件变量
bool ready = false;      //全局标志位

void B(){

	   cout << "B begin\n" << endl;
        unique_lock<mutex> lock(mx);
        cout << "B wait\n" << endl;
	while(!ready)         //如果标志位不为 true, 则等待...
	{
		cv.wait(lock);	   //前线程被阻塞, 当全局标志位变为 true 之后,线程被唤醒, 继续往下执行
	}        
        cout << "B wakeup\n" << endl;
}

void A(){
	    cout << "A begin\n" << endl;
        this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
        cout << "A notify B\n" << endl;
	    ready = true;         // 设置全局标志位为 true
        cv.notify_one();      // 唤醒上面的线程
}

int main()
{  
    thread ThreadB(B);
    thread ThreadA(A);
    ThreadB.join();
    ThreadA.join();
    cout << "over" << endl;
}