BCD编码及转码

简单介绍

摘取一段百度百科介绍：
BCD码（Binary-Coded Decimal‎），用4位二进制数来表示1位十进制数中的0~9这10个数码，是一种二进制的数字编码形式，用二进制编码的十进制代码。

常见的BCD码又分8421码、5421码、2421码、余3码、余3循环码。

个人理解BCD码：将十进制数压缩存储。

拿8421（四位，每位为1代表十进制数。1110等于8+4+2+0 = 14）BCD码举例：
十进制数40
4转成8421格式二进制：0100
0转成8421格式二进制：0000

众所周知：
4个二进制 = 1个十六进制
2个十六进制 = 1个字节（byte）

即：
十进制数40 = 0100 0000 = 0x40 = @ （0x40 = @ 参考ascii对照规则）
看结果，原来十进制数40占用两个字节的存储空间，现在@字符只用占用一个。

转码使用

经过介绍，知道BCD是可以将原来存储空间缩减大约一半（分奇偶长度考虑，偶数一半，奇数差一点）。

对于奇数长度的十进制压缩成BCD码，就存在一个问题，到底是左对齐还是右对齐。

推荐一个前辈写的bcd转码方法

/*
 * j8583 A Java implementation of the ISO8583 protocol
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Enrique Zamudio Lopez
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA
 */
package com.swiftplus.posservice.prepose.iso8583.util;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.text.ParseException;

/**
 * Routines for Binary Coded Digits.
 *
 * @author Enrique Zamudio
 *         Date: 23/04/13 11:24
 */
public final class Bcd {

    private Bcd(){}

    /** Decodes a BCD-encoded number as a long.
     * @param buf The byte buffer containing the BCD data.
     * @param pos The starting position in the buffer.
     * @param length The number of DIGITS (not bytes) to read. */
    public static long decodeToLong(byte[] buf, int pos, int length)
            throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
        if (length > 18) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Buffer too big to decode as long");
        }
        long l = 0;
        long power = 1L;
        for (int i = pos + (length / 2) + (length % 2) - 1; i >= pos; i--) {
            l += (buf[i] & 0x0f) * power;
            power *= 10L;
            l += ((buf[i] & 0xf0) >> 4) * power;
            power *= 10L;
        }
        return l;
    }

    public static long decodeRightPaddedToLong(byte[] buf, int pos, int length)
            throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
        if (length > 18) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Buffer too big to decode as long");
        }
        long l = 0;
        long power = 1L;
        int end = pos + (length / 2) + (length % 2) - 1;
        if ((buf[end] & 0xf) == 0xf) {
            l += (buf[end] & 0xf0) >> 4;
            power *= 10L;
            end--;
        }
        for (int i = end; i >= pos; i--) {
            l += (buf[i] & 0x0f) * power;
            power *= 10L;
            l += ((buf[i] & 0xf0) >> 4) * power;
            power *= 10L;
        }
        return l;
    }

    /** Encode the value as BCD and put it in the buffer. The buffer must be big enough
   	 * to store the digits in the original value (half the length of the string). */
    public static void encode(String value, byte[] buf) {
        int charpos = 0; //char where we start
        int bufpos = 0;
        if (value.length() % 2 == 1) {
            //for odd lengths we encode just the first digit in the first byte
            buf[0] = (byte)(value.charAt(0) - 48);
            charpos = 1;
            bufpos = 1;
        }
        //encode the rest of the string
        while (charpos < value.length()) {
            buf[bufpos] = (byte)(((value.charAt(charpos) - 48) << 4)
                | (value.charAt(charpos + 1) - 48));
            charpos += 2;
            bufpos++;
        }
    }

    /** Encode the value as BCD and put it in the buffer. The buffer must be big enough
   	 * to store the digits in the original value (half the length of the string).
     * If the value contains an odd number of digits, the last one is stored in
     * its own byte at the end, padded with an F nibble. */
    public static void encodeRightPadded(String value, byte[] buf) {
        int bufpos = 0;
        int charpos = 0;
        int limit = value.length();
        if (limit % 2 == 1) {
            limit--;
        }
        //encode the rest of the string
        while (charpos < limit) {
            buf[bufpos] = (byte)(((value.charAt(charpos) - 48) << 4)
                | (value.charAt(charpos + 1) - 48));
            charpos += 2;
            bufpos++;
        }
        if (value.length() % 2 == 1) {
            buf[bufpos] = (byte)(((value.charAt(limit) - 48) << 4)
                | 0xf);
        }
    }

    /** Decodes a BCD-encoded number as a BigInteger.
     * @param buf The byte buffer containing the BCD data.
     * @param pos The starting position in the buffer.
     * @param length The number of DIGITS (not bytes) to read. */
    public static BigInteger decodeToBigInteger(byte[] buf, int pos, int length)
            throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
        char[] digits = new char[length];
        int start = 0;
        int i = pos;
        if (length % 2 != 0) {
            digits[start++] = (char)((buf[i] & 0x0f) + 48);
            i++;
        }
        for (;i < pos + (length / 2) + (length % 2); i++) {
            digits[start++] = (char)(((buf[i] & 0xf0) >> 4) + 48);
            digits[start++] = (char)((buf[i] & 0x0f) + 48);
        }
        return new BigInteger(new String(digits));
    }

    /** Decodes a right-padded BCD-encoded number as a BigInteger.
     * @param buf The byte buffer containing the BCD data.
     * @param pos The starting position in the buffer.
     * @param length The number of DIGITS (not bytes) to read. */
    public static BigInteger decodeRightPaddedToBigInteger(byte[] buf, int pos, int length)
            throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
        char[] digits = new char[length];
        int start = 0;
        int i = pos;
        int limit = pos + (length / 2) + (length % 2);
        for (;i < limit; i++) {
            digits[start++] = (char)(((buf[i] & 0xf0) >> 4) + 48);
            int r = buf[i] & 0xf;
            digits[start++] = r == 15 ? ' ' : (char)(r + 48);
        }
        return new BigInteger(new String(digits, 0, start).trim());
    }

    /** Convert two bytes of BCD length to an int,
     * e.g. 0x4521 into 4521, starting at the specified offset. */
    public static int parseBcdLength(byte b) {
        return (((b & 0xf0) >> 4) * 10) + (b & 0xf);
    }

    /** Convert two bytes of BCD length to an int,
     * e.g. 0x4521 into 4521, starting at the specified offset. */
    public static int parseBcdLength2bytes(byte[] b, int offset) {
        return (((b[offset] & 0xf0) >> 4) * 1000) + ((b[offset] & 0xf) * 100) +
               (((b[offset + 1] & 0xf0) >> 4) * 10) + (b[offset + 1] & 0xf);
    }
}

decodeToLong 解码BCD成long型（左补，右靠）
decodeRightPaddedToLong 解码BCD成long型 （右补，左靠）
decodeToBigInteger 解码BCD成BigInteger型（左补，右靠）
decodeRightPaddedToBigInteger 解码BCD成BigInteger型（右补，左靠）
encode 压缩成BCD码（左补，右靠）
encodeRightPadded 压缩成BCD码（右补，左靠）

动手测试下，偶数：

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        byte[] buf = new byte[1];
        Bcd.encode("40",buf);
        System.out.println(new String(buf));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeToLong(buf, 0, 1));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeRightPaddedToLong(buf, 0, 1));

        Bcd.encodeRightPadded("40",buf);
        System.out.println(new String(buf));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeToLong(buf, 0, 1));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeRightPaddedToLong(buf, 0, 1));
}

结果：

奇数：

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        byte[] buf = new byte[2];
        Bcd.encode("120",buf);
        System.out.println(new String(buf));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeToLong(buf, 0, 3));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeRightPaddedToLong(buf, 0, 3));

        Bcd.encodeRightPadded("123",buf);
        System.out.println(new String(buf));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeToLong(buf, 0, 3));
        System.out.println(Bcd.decodeRightPaddedToLong(buf, 0, 3));
}

结果：

这玩意奇数还是的考虑清楚压缩对齐方式，以上。