BCD编码及转码

简单介绍

摘取一段百度百科介绍：
BCD码（Binary-Coded Decimal‎），用4位二进制数来表示1位十进制数中的0~9这10个数码，是一种二进制的数字编码形式，用二进制编码的十进制代码。

常见的BCD码又分8421码、5421码、2421码、余3码、余3循环码。

个人理解BCD码：将十进制数压缩存储。

拿8421（四位，每位为1代表十进制数。1110等于8+4+2+0 = 14）BCD码举例：
十进制数40
4转成8421格式二进制：0100
0转成8421格式二进制：0000

众所周知：
4个二进制 = 1个十六进制
2个十六进制 = 1个字节（byte）

即：
十进制数40 = 0100 0000 = 0x40 = @ （0x40 = @ 参考ascii对照规则）
看结果，原来十进制数40占用两个字节的存储空间，现在@字符只用占用一个。

转码使用

经过介绍，知道BCD是可以将原来存储空间缩减大约一半（分奇偶长度考虑，偶数一半，奇数差一点）。

对于奇数长度的十进制压缩成BCD码，就存在一个问题，到底是左对齐还是右对齐。

推荐一个前辈写的bcd转码方法

/*
 * j8583 A Java implementation of the ISO8583 protocol
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Enrique Zamudio Lopez
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA
 */
package com.swiftplus.posservice.prepose.iso8583.util;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.text.ParseException;

/**
 * Routines for Binary Coded Digits.
 *
 * @author Enrique Zamudio
 *         Date: 23/04/13 11:24
 */
public final class Bcd {
   

    private Bcd(){
   }

    /** Decodes a BCD-encoded number as a long.
     * @param buf The byte buffer containing the BCD data.
     * @param pos The starting position in the buffer.
     * @param length The number of DIGITS (not bytes) to read. */
    public static long decodeToLong(byte[] buf, int pos, int length)
            throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
   
        if (length > 18) {
   
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Buffer too big to decode as long");
        }
        long l = 0;
        long power = 1L;
        for (int i = pos + (length / 2) + (length % 2) - 1; i >= pos; i--) {
   
            l += (buf[i] & 0x0f) * power;
            power *= 10L;
            l += ((buf[i] & 0xf0) >> 4) * power;
            power *= 10L;
        }
        return l;
    }

    public static long decodeRightPaddedToLong(byte[] buf, int pos, int length)
            throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
   
        if (length > 18) {
   
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Buffer too big to decode as long");
        }
        long l = 0;
        long power = 1L;
        int end = pos + (length / 2) + (length % 2) - 1;
        if (