进程间的通信

信号

信号是软件中断的模拟，可以在任何时候发给进程，如果进程处于未执行状态，该信号就由内核保存，直到进程恢复执行再传递给它。
SIGKILL和SEGSTOP是应用程序无法捕捉和忽略的。
几个常用的快捷键和信号：
ctrl + C —— SIGINT 中断信号
ctrl + \ —— SIGQUIT 退出信号
ctrl + Z —— SIGTSTP 进程挂起
functions about signals:

function	introduction
int kill(pid_t pid, int sig)	send signal to a process
int raise(int sig)	send a signal to the caller
unsigned int alarm(unsigned int seconds)	set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal
int pause(void)	wait for signal
typedef void (*sighandler_t)(int); sighandler_t signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler);	ANSI C signal handling
int sigemptyset(sigset_t *set)	initializes the signal set given by set to empty, with all signals excluded from the set.
int sigfillset(sigset_t *set)	initializes set to full, including all signals
int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum)	add respectively signal signum from set
int sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum)	delete respectively signal signum from set
int sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signum)	tests whether signum is a member of set
int sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset)	examine and change blocked signals

下面是子进程给自己发送SIGSTOP信号，用于暂停进程。父进程中waitpid(pid,0,WNOHANG) 用于子进程没有退出立即返回（return immediately if no child has exited.）。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(){
    pid_t pid = fork();
    if(pid == 0){ // child
         printf("child id is %d\n",getpid());
         raise(SIGSTOP);
    }
    else if(pid > 0){ // father
         printf("father pid is %d\n",getpid());
         if(waitpid(pid,0,WNOHANG) == 0){ 
              int ret = kill(pid,SIGKILL);
              if(ret < 0) perror("ending child failed ");
              else printf("father process end child process.\n");
         }   
    }
    else {
         perror("fork ");
         exit(1);
    }
    return 0; 
}
/*
father pid is 6284
father process end child process.
*/

alarm用于设置多少秒后发出SIGALAR信号，时间片函数控制事件发生的时间点。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void handler(int sig){
    printf("hello world\n");
}
int main(){
    int i;
    alarm(3);
    signal(SIGALRM,handler);
    for(i=1;i<=6;i++){
        printf("times is %d\n",i);
        sleep(1);
    }   
    return 0; 
}
/*
times is 1
times is 2
times is 3
hello world
times is 4
times is 5
times is 6
*/

信号的阻塞：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h> 
void handler(){
    printf("signal SIGINT has been blocked for 5 seconds, now it works.\n");
}
int main(){
    signal(SIGINT,handler);
    int i;
    sigset_t set;
    if(sigemptyset(&set) == -1){
        perror("sigemptyset ");
    }
    if(sigaddset(&set,SIGINT) == -1){
        perror("sigaddset ");
    }
    if(sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK,&set,NULL) == -1){ /* make set blocked */
        perror("sigpromask ");
    }
    raise(SIGINT);
    for(i=0;i<5