c++ new 在指定内存上创建对象

        c++11 里 new 操作符的用法有以下几种，摘自cplusplus.com

throwing (1)	void* operator new (std::size_t size);
nothrow (2)	    void* operator new (std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t& nothrow_value) noexcept;
placement (3)	void* operator new (std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;

平时用得最多的应该就是第(1)个，类似 xx *p = new xx，例子：

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <new>          // ::operator new
#include <malloc.h>

struct MyClass 
{
	int data[10];
	MyClass(int value) 
	{
		std::cout << "constructed [" << this << "]\n";
		for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
		{
			data[i] = value;
		}
	}
	~MyClass()
	{
		std::cout << "destructed [" << this << "]\n";
	}
};

int main () 
{
	std::cout << "1: ";
	MyClass * p1 = new MyClass(0);
	// allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass))
	// and then constructs an object at the newly allocated space

	std::cout << "2: ";
	MyClass * p2 = new (std::nothrow) MyClass(1);
	// allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass),std::nothrow)
	// and then constructs an object at the newly allocated space

	std::cout << "3: ";
	void *ptr = new (p2) MyClass(22);
	std::cout << "3-1: ";
	std::cout << "ptr = " << ptr << ", ptr size: " << malloc_usable_size(ptr) << std::endl;
	// does not allocate memory -- calls: operator new (sizeof(MyClass),p2)
	// but constructs an object at p2

	// Notice though that calling this function directly does not construct an object:
	std::cout << "4: ";
	MyClass * p3 = (MyClass*) ::operator new (sizeof(MyClass));
	// allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass))
	// but does not call MyClass's constructor
	
	std::cout << std::endl;
	delete p1;
	delete p2;
	delete p3;

	return 0;
}

第3种用法见得不多，它是直接返回 p2，并且在 p2 所指的位置上构造 了 MyClass 对象。

可以看到 ptr 所指向的地址和 p2 的地址是一样的，因为返回的就是 p2 的地址。

 可以看到在内存 0x603040 开始的 10 个4字节上，初始化了MyClass对象，即调用了MyClass构造函数。其实用法 void* operator new (std::size_t size, void* ptr) 中的 ptr 可以像上面的一样是堆内存，也可以是栈内存（即不是malloc/new 出来 的），如：

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <new>          // ::operator new
#include <malloc.h>

struct MyClass 
{
	int data[10];
	MyClass(int value) 
	{
		std::cout << "constructed [" << this << "]\n";
		for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
		{
			data[i] = value;
		}
	}
	~MyClass()
	{
		std::cout << "destructed [" << this << "]\n";
	}
};

int main () 
{
	int tempMem[50] = {0};
	std::cout << "1: ";
	MyClass * p1 = new MyClass(0);
	// allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass))
	// and then constructs an object at the newly allocated space

	std::cout << "2: ";
	MyClass * p2 = new (std::nothrow) MyClass(1);
	// allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass),std::nothrow)
	// and then constructs an object at the newly allocated space

	std::cout << "3: ";
	void *ptr = new (p2) MyClass(22);
	std::cout << "3-1: ";
	std::cout << "ptr = " << ptr << ", ptr size: " << malloc_usable_size(ptr) << std::endl;
	// does not allocate memory -- calls: operator new (sizeof(MyClass),p2)
	// but constructs an object at p2

	std::cout << "3-2: ";
	void *ptr2 = new (tempMem) MyClass(33);
	std::cout << "3-3: ";
	std::cout << "ptr2 = " << ptr2 << std::endl;
	// constructs an object at stack 
	
	// Notice though that calling this function directly does not construct an object:
	std::cout << "4: ";
	MyClass * p3 = (MyClass*) ::operator new (sizeof(MyClass));
	// allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass))
	// but does not call MyClass's constructor
	
	std::cout << std::endl;
	delete p1;
	delete p2;
	delete p3;

	return 0;
}

加了如下代码 int tempMem[50] = {0}; void *ptr2 = new (tempMem) MyClass(33);

可以看到无论是在堆内存还是栈内存上对象都是能正常构造的，只要有足够的空间。

总结：这种在指定内存上创建对象有什么用处呢？其实它是用在内存池方案中（或者说是伙伴算法实现的内存管理），一般c++实现的的大型项目中是不允许直接用 malloc 或 new 进行内存申请的，都是有指定的类，这个类所申请的内存就是从一大块内存里的某些块里分配的，然后在这指定的内存块上构造了这个指定的类，然后返回给用户使用，在析构的时候再把那块内存还给那一大块内存（不用释放），这样可以有效的减少内存碎片的发生。