OSPF-1

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tjjingpan

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-17 10:20:24 发布

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Config OSPF
Introducing the OSPF Protocol
Link-State Protocols
1、范围(IGP)
2、设计原理(Link-State)
3、有类和无类( 无类，CIDR)
封装
IP OSPF(IP报文封装，Port：89 )
组播地址：224.0.0.5，224.0.0.6

LSA:链路状态通告。

LSDB:Link-State Datebase ------>SPF Algoriithm SPF Tree ------> Routing Table、

Link -State Routing Protocols （特点：）

Link-state routers reconginze more information about the network than their distance vector counterparts.（比 DV识别更多的信息）
Each router has a full picture of the topology.
Consequently,link-state routers tend to make more accurate decisions

Link-State data Structure:

三张表

Neighbor table:
Topology table
Routing table:

分层化设计

Link-state routing requires a hierachical network structure that is eforced by OSPF.（）

This two-level hierarchy consists of the following:

--Transit area (backbone or area 0)（三个区域）
-- Regular areas (nonbackbons areas)

OSPF area characteristics:

Minimizes routing table entries（减少路由条目）【域间汇总】
Localizes impact of a topology change within an area【本地拓扑变化，只会影响到本地区域】
Detailed LSA flooding stops at the area boundary
Requires a hierarchical network design

Routers A ang B are backbone router

Routers C,D,and E are known as area border routers(ABRS)

ABRS attach all other areas to area0.

OSPF Adjacencies

Routers disover neighbors by exchanging hello packets.
Router declare neghbors to be up after checking certain parameters or options in the helllo packet.

Forming OSPF Adjacencies

邻居邻接的区别

邻居（hello），邻接的区别(交互lsa)

Point-to-point WAN links:

--Both neighbors become fully adjacent.

LAN links:

1, BMA（LAN）,2 ,NBMA(帧中继)

--Neighbors form a full adjacency with the DR（指定路由器Designated ） and BDR

减少LSA数量，

--Routers maintain two-way state with the other routers (DROTHERs)

Routing updates and topology information are passed only between adjacent routers.
Once an adjacency is formed,LSDBs are synchronized by exchanging LSAs.
LSAs are flooded reliable throughout the area (or network)

OSPF Calculation

Routers find find the best paths to destinations by applying Dijkstra's SPF algorithmto the link-state database as follows:

Every router in an area has the identical（一致） link-state database
Each router in the area places It self into the root of the tree that is built.
The best path is calculated with respect ot the lowest total cost of links to a specific destination.
Best routes are put into the forwarding database(routing table)

触发更新
周期性

OSPF：触发更新，每30分钟更新，60分钟删除。

LSA Sequence Numbering

Each LSA In the LSDB maintains a sequence number:
The sequence numbering scheme is a 4-byte number that begins with 0x80000001 and ends with 0xF7FFFFFF.
OSPF floods each LSA every 30 minutes to maintain proper database synchronization.Each time the LSA is flooded,the sequence number si incremented by one.
Ultimately,an LSA sequence number will wrap around to 0x80000001.When this occurs,the existing LSA is prematurely aged to the maximum age(one hour) and flushed.
When a router encounters two instances of an LSA,It must determine which is more recnet.The LSA having the newer(higher)LS a sequence number is more recent.

序列号算法

线性问题，有最大值

圆形

棒棒糖

OSPF Packet Types

Hello（没有确认）
Database Description（隐式确认）

OSPF应用在中大型网络中，先传摘要信息，节省带宽

Link-State Request
Link-state Update
Link-State Acknowlegment LSACK（显式确认）

显式确认，隐式确认。

OSPF Packet Header Format

Version :V2,V3

Type:

Router ID（标识OSPF的一台路由器）

Router-ID选举方式:

手工指定(任意，唯一,)
LoopBack口最大的IP地址。
物理接口最大IP地址.

认证类型

无
明文
MD5

Data

1，

2，

3，

4，

5，

Hello

10s 或 30s。dead 时间乘以4

邻居建立 4个必须相同

Establishing Bidirectional Communication

A进入Two-Way State

主/从关系 First DBD,隐式确认

Down State-->init State-->Two-Way State-->Exstart State-->Exchange State-->Loading state -->Full State

Exstart State阶段主从关系,First DBD

DBD报文三个字段

I|M|M/S

Initi More Master/Slave

示例

R1(config-router)#network 12.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area ?
  <0-4294967295>  OSPF area ID as a decimal value
  A.B.C.D         OSPF area ID in IP address format

0.0.0.0=0
0..0.0.1 =1
0.0.0.255=255
0.0.1.0=265

R1#debug ip ospf packet 
R1#debug ip ospf adj 
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on

R1调试信息

*Apr  8 06:51:21.959: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
*Apr  8 06:51:22.959: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
*Apr  8 06:51:22.959: OSPF: Serial2/0: Route adjust notification: UP/UP
*Apr  8 06:51:22.959: OSPF: Interface Serial2/0 going Up
*Apr  8 06:51:22.959: OSPF: Serial2/0: Interface state change to UP, new ospf state P2P
*Apr  8 06:51:22.971: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:2.2.2.2
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:E694 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:22.971: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0, state 2WAY
*Apr  8 06:51:22.971: OSPF: Serial2/0 Nbr 2.2.2.2: Prepare dbase exchange
*Apr  8 06:51:22.971: OSPF: Send DBD to 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 seq 0xDDB opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Apr  8 06:51:22.979: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:2 l:32 rid:2.2.2.2
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:A053 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:22.983: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A3 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXSTART
*Apr  8 06:51:22.983: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
*Apr  8 06:51:22.983: OSPF: Serial2/0 Nbr 2.2.2.2: Summary list built, size 2
*Apr  8 06:51:22.983: OSPF: Send DBD to 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A3 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 72
*Apr  8 06:51:22.999: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:2 l:72 rid:2.2.2.2
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:1F78 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.003: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A4 opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 72  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Apr  8 06:51:23.003: OSPF: Exchange Done with 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.003: OSPF: Send LS REQ to 2.2.2.2 length 12 LSA count 1
*Apr  8 06:51:23.003: OSPF: Send DBD to 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A4 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
*Apr  8 06:51:23.011: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:4 l:64 rid:2.2.2.2
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:9A0 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.015: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 length 64 LSA count 1
*Apr  8 06:51:23.015: OSPF: Synchronized with 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0, state FULL
*Apr  8 06:51:23.015: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 110, Nbr 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R2调试信息

*Apr  8 06:51:15.683: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
*Apr  8 06:51:16.687: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
*Apr  8 06:51:16.691: OSPF: Serial2/0: Route adjust notification: UP/UP
*Apr  8 06:51:16.691: OSPF: Interface Serial2/0 going Up
*Apr  8 06:51:16.691: OSPF: Serial2/0: Interface state change to UP, new ospf state P2P
R2(config-if)#
*Apr  8 06:51:17.195: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 2.2.2.2, seq 0x80000003, process 110
R2(config-if)#
*Apr  8 06:51:23.491: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:44 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:EA9C aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:2 l:32 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:961D aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 seq 0xDDB opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32  mtu 1500 state INIT
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0, state 2WAY
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: Serial2/0 Nbr 1.1.1.1: Prepare dbase exchange
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: Send DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A3 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: First DBD and we are not SLAVE
*Apr  8 06:51:23.503: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:E694 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.515: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:2 l:72 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:67B9 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.519: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A3 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 72  mtu 1500 state EXSTART
*Apr  8 06:51:23.519: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the MASTER
*Apr  8 06:51:23.519: OSPF: Serial2/0 Nbr 1.1.1.1: Summary list built, size 2
*Apr  8 06:51:23.519: OSPF: Send DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A4 opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 72
*Apr  8 06:51:23.535: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:3 l:36 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:F3CD aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.535: OSPF: Rcv LS REQ from 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 length 36 LSA count 1
*Apr  8 06:51:23.535: OSPF: Send UPD to 12.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 length 40 LSA count 1
*Apr  8 06:51:23.535: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:2 l:32 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:A25B aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.539: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 seq 0x1A4 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Apr  8 06:51:23.539: OSPF: Exchange Done with 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.539: OSPF: Send LS REQ to 1.1.1.1 length 12 LSA count 1
*Apr  8 06:51:23.555: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:4 l:52 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:78D aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:23.559: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 length 52 LSA count 1
*Apr  8 06:51:23.559: OSPF: Synchronized with 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0, state FULL
*Apr  8 06:51:23.559: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 110, Nbr 1.1.1.1 on Serial2/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2(config-if)#
*Apr  8 06:51:23.559: OSPF: Serial2/0 Nbr 1.1.1.1: Clean-up dbase exchange
*Apr  8 06:51:23.991: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:4 l:76 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:4265 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
*Apr  8 06:51:24.059: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 2.2.2.2, seq 0x80000004, process 110
R2(config-if)#
*Apr  8 06:51:26.047: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:5 l:64 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:DEC8 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
R2(config-if)#
*Apr  8 06:51:33.027: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:E694 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0
R2(config-if)#
*Apr  8 06:51:43.023: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:1.1.1.1
      aid:0.0.0.0 chk:E694 aut:0 auk: from Serial2/0

查看哪些接口运行OSPF

R1#show ip ospf interface
Serial2/0 is up, line protocol is up 
  Internet Address 12.1.1.1/24, Area 0 
  Process ID 110, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
  Topology-MTID    Cost    Disabled    Shutdown      Topology Name
        0           64        no          no            Base
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 40
    Hello due in 00:00:04
  Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
  Cisco NSF helper support enabled
  IETF NSF helper support enabled
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 
    Adjacent with neighbor 2.2.2.2
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

R1#show ip ospf interface brief
Interface    PID   Area            IP Address/Mask    Cost  State Nbrs F/C
Lo1          110   0               1.1.1.1/24         1     LOOP  0/0
Se2/0        110   0               12.1.1.1/24        64    P2P   1/1

Cost计算

Cost=10^8/BW(bps)

10Mbps =10*10^6bps=10000000bps

10^8/(10*10^6 )=10

1.544M = 1.544*10^6 ------>10^8/(1.544*10^6 )----->100/1.544------>64.7668394

R1#show ip route 
      1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        1.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback1
L        1.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback1
      2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O        2.2.2.2 [110/65] via 12.1.1.2, 00:05:25, Serial2/0
      12.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        12.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
L        12.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Serial2/0

环回口被宣进OSPF 不管掩码是多少位，收到的路由都是32位。

R2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point //还原lookback掩码真实信息。

R1#sho ip route 
      1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        1.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback1
L        1.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback1
      2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O        2.2.2.0 [110/65] via 12.1.1.2, 05:12:09, Serial2/0
      12.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        12.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
L        12.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Serial2/0

更改接口hello时间

R1(config)#int s2/0
R1(config-if)#ip osp
R1(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval ?
  <1-65535>  Seconds

R1(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval 6

R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           0   FULL/  -        00:00:09    12.1.1.2        Serial2/0
R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           0   FULL/  -        00:00:05    12.1.1.2        Serial2/0
R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           0   FULL/  -        00:00:04    12.1.1.2        Serial2/0
R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           0   FULL/  -        00:00:03    12.1.1.2        Serial2/0
R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           0   FULL/  -        00:00:01    12.1.1.2        Serial2/0
R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

R1#
*Apr  8 12:55:39.818: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 110, Nbr 2.2.2.2 on Serial2/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired

邻居消失

Maintaining Routing Information

DR的选举方法：

1、较大的priority(default=1)

2、较大的Router-ID

1.1.1.255 哪个大 1.1.2.1 1.1.2.1大

示例

R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           1   FULL/DR         00:00:32    100.1.1.2       Ethernet0/0

R2#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
1.1.1.1           1   FULL/BDR        00:00:33    100.1.1.1       Ethernet0/0

R1#sho ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           1   FULL/DR         00:00:37    100.1.1.2       Ethernet0/0

R1(config)#int e0/0
R1(config-if)#ip os
R1(config-if)#ip ospf prio
R1(config-if)#ip ospf priority ?
  <0-255>  Priority

将e/0优先级设置为3

R1(config-if)#ip ospf priority 3

DRi没有变

R1#sho ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
2.2.2.2           1   FULL/DR         00:00:37    100.1.1.2       Ethernet0/0

R1 的Pri已经改为3

R2#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
1.1.1.1           3   FULL/BDR        00:00:32    100.1.1.1       Ethernet0/0

新增加一台路由器，DR,BDR不改变

R3#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
1.1.1.1           3   FULL/BDR        00:00:39    100.1.1.1       Ethernet0/0
2.2.2.2           1   FULL/DR         00:00:32    100.1.1.2       Ethernet0/0

R3(config-if)#ip ospf priority 7

模拟R2路由器down

确认配置生效，R3的Pri已改为7

R2#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
1.1.1.1           3   FULL/BDR        00:00:34    100.1.1.1       Ethernet0/0
3.3.3.3           7   FULL/DROTHER    00:00:33    100.1.1.3       Ethernet0/0

关闭R2的e0/0接口

R2(config)#int e0/0
R2(config-if)#shutdown

R1为DR

R3#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
1.1.1.1           3   FULL/DR         00:00:34    100.1.1.1       Ethernet0/0

查看R2的状态，为BDR

R3#show ip ospf interface Ethernet 0/0
Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up 
  Internet Address 100.1.1.3/24, Area 0 
  Process ID 110, Router ID 3.3.3.3, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
  Topology-MTID    Cost    Disabled    Shutdown      Topology Name
        0           10        no          no            Base
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 7
  Designated Router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 100.1.1.1
  Backup Designated router (ID) 3.3.3.3, Interface address 100.1.1.3
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 40
    Hello due in 00:00:04
  Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
  Cisco NSF helper support enabled
  IETF NSF helper support enabled
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 
    Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1  (Designated Router)
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

选择特点

1、不抢占

2、当DR Down BDR->DR,重新选举BDR.

3、DR,BDR DROTHER 是一个接口概念。

4、不同网段，分别选DR.

clear ip ospf process//清进程。

tjjingpan

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OSPF-1

Config OSPF Introducing the OSPF ProtocolLink-State Protocols 1、范围(IGP) 2、设计原理(Link-State) 3、有类和无类( 无类，CIDR)封装 IP OSPF(IP报文封装，Port：89 ) 组播地址：224.0.0.5，224.0.0.6LSA:链路状态通告。LSDB:Link-State D...
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