Django中级用法
抽象models类
class BaseProfile(models.Model):
USER_TYPES = (
(0, 'Ordinary'),
(1, 'SuperHero'),
)
user = models.OnToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, primary_key=True)
user_type = models.IntegerField(max_length=1, null=True, choices=USER_TYPES)
bio = models.CharField(max_length=200, blank=True, null=True)
def __str__(self):
return "{}:{:.20}".format(self.user, self.bio or "")
class Meta:
abstract = True
class SuperHeroProfile(models.Model):
origin = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, null=True)
class Meta:
abstract = True
class OrdinaryProfile(models.Model):
address = models.CharField(max_length=200, blank=True, null=True)
class Meta:
abstract = True
class Profile(SuperHeroProfile, OrdinaryProfile, BaseProfile):
pass
扩展django内建User
定义(Profile.models)
# models.py
# 将primary_key赋值为True,以阻止类似PostgreSQL这样的数据库后端中的并发问题
class Profile(models.Model):
user = models.OnToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, primary_key=True)
信号
# signals.py
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.conf import settings
from . import models
@receiver(post_save, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
def create_profile_handler(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
if not created:
return
# 仅在created是最新时才创建账户对象
profile = models.Profile(user=instance)
profile.save()
首先,为你的应用创建一个__init__.py
包以引用应用的ProfileConfig
:
# __init__.py
default_app_config = "profile.apps.ProfileConfig"
接下来是app.py
中的子类ProfileConfig
方法,可使用ready方法配置信号:
# apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class ProfileConfig(AppConfig):
name = "profiles"
verbose_name = "User Profiles"
def ready(self):
from . import signals
为了操作方便,账户admin
可以通过定义一个自定义的UserAdmin
嵌入到默认的用户admin
中:
# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Profile
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class UserProfileInline(admin.StackedInline):
model = Profile
class UserAdmin(admin.UserAdmin):
inlines = [UserProfileInline]
admin.site.unregister(User)
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)
更新:
上下文Mixin
class FeedMixin(object):
def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
context["feed"] = models.Post.objects.viewable_posts(self.request.user)
return context
注意双星号包含的变量
class MyFeed(**FeedMixin**, generic.CreateView):
model = models.Post
template_name = "myfeed.html"
success_url = reverse_lazy("my_feed")
服务模式
# service.py
API_URL = "http://api.herocheck.com/?q={0}"
class SuperHeroWebAPI:
...
@staticmehtod
def is_hero(username):
url = API_URL.format(username)
return webclient.get(url)
加上黑名单功能的服务
class SuperHeroWebAPI:
...
@staticmethod
def is_hero(username):
blacklist = set(["syndrome", "kcka$$", "superfake"])
ulr = API_URL.format(username)
return username not in blacklist and webclient.get(url)
使用服务
from .services import SuperHeroWebAPI
def is_superhero(self):
return SuperHeroWebAPI.is_superhero(self.user.username)
模型的方法作为属性
Python类可以使用property
装饰器把函数当作一个属性来使用。这样,Django模型也可以较好地利用它。替换前面那个例子中的函数:
@property
def age(self):
...
现在我们可以用profile.age来访问用户的年龄。注意,函数的名称要尽可能的短。
缓存特性
很好理解,直接看代码:
from django.utils.function import cached_property
#...
@cached_property
def full_name(self):
# 代价高昂的操作,比如,外部服务调用
return "{0} {1}".format(self.firstname, self.lastname)
定制模型管理器(Manager)
太简单了,直接看官网
Querysets 组合查询
from django.db.models import Q
# Union 交集
>>> User.objects.filter(Q(username__in["a", "b", "c"]) | Q(username__in=["c", "d"]))
[`<User: a>, <User: b>, <User: c>, <User: d>`]
# Intersection 并集
>>> User.objects.filter(Q(username__in["a", "b", "c"]) & Q(username__in=["c", "d"]))
[<User: c>]
# Difference 补集
>>> User.objects.filter(Q(username__in=["a", "b", "c"]) & ~Q(username__in=["c", "d"]))
[<User: a>, <User: b>]
Querysets链接
这是一个很天真的做法,开销很大:
>>> recent = list(posts)+list(comments)
>>> sorted(recent, key=lambda e: e.modified, reverse=True)[:3]
[<Post: user: Post1>, <Comment: user: Comment1>, <Post: user: Post0>]
一个更好的解决方案是使用迭代器减少内存消耗。如下,使用itertools.chain方法合并多个QuerySets:
>>> from itertools import chain
>>> recent = chain(posts, comments)
>>> sorted(recent, key=lambda e: e.modified, reverse=True)[:3]
以上:2016年05月31日14:51:32
装饰器
第一种
@login_required
def simple_view(request):
return HttpResponse()
2 通过对基于函数视图或者基于类视图使用一个装饰器实现控制:
@login_required(MyView.as_view())
3 通过覆盖mixin的类视图的dispatch
方法实现控制:
class LoginRequiredMixin:
@method_decorator(login_required)
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
nav active的问题
每个模板都要包含下列代码:
{% include "_navbar.html" with active_link='link2' %}
然后
{# _navbar.html #}
<ul class="nav nav-pills">
<li{% if active_link == "link1" %} class="active"{% endif %}><a
href="{% url 'link1' %}">Link 1</a></li>
<li{% if active_link == "link2" %} class="active"{% endif %}><a
href="{% url 'link2' %}">Link 2</a></li>
<li{% if active_link == "link3" %} class="active"{% endif %}><a
href="{% url 'link3' %}">Link 3</a></li>
</ul>
之前我都是从view传一个current_page
变量来判断的,好蠢
Template tag
# app/templatetags/nav.py
from django.core.urlresolvers import resolve
from django.template import Library
register = Library()
@register.simple_tag
def active_nav(request, url):
url_name = resolve(request.path).url_name
if url_name == url:
return "active"
return ""
使用:
{# base.html #}
{% load nav %}
<ul class="nav nav-pills">
<li class={% active_nav request 'active1' %}><a href="{% url
'active1' %}">Active 1</a></li>
<li class={% active_nav request 'active2' %}><a href="{% url
'active2' %}">Active 2</a></li>
<li class={% active_nav request 'active3' %}><a href="{% url
'active3' %}">Active 3</a></li>
</ul>
表单
动态表单
# forms.py
class PersonDetailsForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
age = forms.IntegerField()
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
upgrade = kwargs.pop("upgrade", False)
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# Show first class option? 显示头等舱选项?
if upgrade:
self.fields["first_class"] = forms.BooleanField(label="Fly First Class?")
# views.py
class PersonDetailsEdit(generic.FormView):
...
def get_form_kwargs(self):
kwargs = super().get_form_kwargs()
kwargs["upgrade"] = True
return kwargs
用户表单(表单需要根据已经登录的用户来进行定制)
需要django-braces
库
from braces.forms import UserKwargModelFormMixin
class PersonDetailsForm(UserKwargModelFormMixin, forms.Form):
...
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# Are you a member of the VIP group?
if self.user.groups.filter(name="VIP").exists():
self.fields["first_class"] = forms.BooleanField(label="Fly First Class?")
然后再确认只有登录用户才能看到此视图
class VIPCheckFormView(LoginRequiredMixin, UserFormKwargsMixin,
generic.FormView):
form_class = PersonDetailsForm
...
一个视图的多个表单行为
crispy表单订阅器修改不同的按钮
# forms.py
class SubscribeForm(forms.Form):
email = forms.EmailField()
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.helper = FormHelper(self)
self.helper.layout.append(Submit('subscribe_butn', 'Subscribe'))
UnSubscribeForm
以完全相同的方式来定义,除了按钮不同
# views.py
from .forms import SubscribeForm, UnSubscribeForm
class NewsletterView(generic.TemplateView):
subcribe_form_class = SubscribeForm
unsubcribe_form_class = UnSubscribeForm
template_name = "newsletter.html"
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs.setdefault("subscribe_form", self.subcribe_form_class())
kwargs.setdefault("unsubscribe_form", self.unsubcribe_form_class())
return super().get(request, *args, **kwargs)
单独来看post
方法
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
form_args = {
'data': self.request.POST,
'files': self.request.FILES,
}
if "subscribe_butn" in request.POST:
form = self.subcribe_form_class(**form_args)
if not form.is_valid():
return self.get(request,
subscribe_form=form)
return redirect("success_form1")
elif "unsubscribe_butn" in request.POST:
form = self.unsubcribe_form_class(**form_args)
if not form.is_valid():
return self.get(request,
unsubscribe_form=form)
return redirect("success_form2")
return super().get(request)
这里我感觉登录和注册两个表单可以用这个方法
可以偷懒的第三方包^_^
package | desc | 例 |
---|---|---|
django-braces | 通用视图扩展(Mixin) | StaticContextMixin |
django-crispy-forms | form前端标签扩展 | {% crispy_form %} |
zebra stripes | are neat | $1 |