Android测试框架Robolectric和Espresso的集成和使用

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Android测试框架Robolectric和Espresso的集成和使用

Robolectric跑测试的时候并不需要将app安装到手机上，它能模拟Android的环境，并且测试运行的时间较短。
Espresso运行测试的时候需要安装app，并且运行的时间比较长，这更像是一种集成测试。

集成

依赖

    testCompile "org.mockito:mockito-core:1.+"
    testCompile "org.robolectric:shadows-multidex:3.0"
    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
    testCompile 'org.robolectric:robolectric:3.3.2'

    //比较unitTest结果是能给出具体的不同点
    testCompile group: 'net.javacrumbs.json-unit', name: 'json-unit', version: '1.16.0'

//    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support:support-annotations:24.0.0'
    androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test:runner:0.5', {
        exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
    })
    androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test:rules:0.5', {
        exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
    })

    // Optional -- Hamcrest library
    androidTestCompile 'org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.3'
    // Optional -- UI testing with Espresso
    androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
        exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
    })

defaultConfig 中增加

    defaultConfig {
        testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
        
    }

testOptions 在android{}中

    testOptions {
        unitTests.returnDefaultValues = true
        unitTests.all {
            beforeTest {
                def testClassDir = buildDir.getAbsolutePath() + "/intermediates/classes/test/debug"
                copy {
                    from(android.sourceSets.test.java.srcDirs) {
                        exclude '**/*.java'
                    }
                    into(testClassDir)
                }
            }
        }
    }

集成查看覆盖率工具jacoco

apply plugin: 'jacoco'
jacoco {
    toolVersion = "0.7.1.201405082137"
}

def coverageSourceDirs = [
        '../hall/src/main/java'
]

task jacocoTestReport(type: JacocoReport, dependsOn: "testDebugUnitTest") {
    group = "Reporting"

    description = "Generate Jacoco coverage reports"

    classDirectories = fileTree(
            dir: '../hall/build/intermediates/classes/debug',
            excludes: ['**/R.class',
                       '**/R$*.class',
                       '**/*$ViewInjector*.*',
                       '**/BuildConfig.*',
                       '**/Manifest*.*']
    )

    additionalSourceDirs = files(coverageSourceDirs)
    sourceDirectories = files(coverageSourceDirs)
    executionData = files('../hall/build/jacoco/testDebugUnitTest.exec')

    reports {
        xml.enabled = true
        html.enabled = true
    }
}

开始写测试代码

单元测试

SimpleTest.class
普通的Junit单元测试无法 对Android的数据库，SharedPreferences以及Assets文件的读取等进行测试。Robolectric能模拟Android环境，让这些单元测试变的很简单。

public class SimpleTest extends RoboBase{
    Application application;
    HallConfigManager mHallConfigManager;
    HallDbManager mHallDbManager;

    AppBean appBean;

    //单元测试开始，需要的用到的变量在此初始化
    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);//初始化Mockit
        application = RuntimeEnvironment.application;
        mHallConfigManager = HallConfigManager.getInstance();
        mHallDbManager = HallDbManager.getInstance();
        //需要mock的类初始化
        appBean = Mockito.mock(AppBean.class);
    }

    //sharedPreferences测试
    @Test
    public void sharedPreferencesTest() throws Exception{
        mHallConfigManager.setQQ("10086");
        Assert.assertEquals("10086", mHallConfigManager.getQQ());
    }

    //数据库测试
    @Test
    public void dbTest() throws Exception{
        AppBean appBean = new AppBean();
        appBean.gamePackageName = "com.uc108.test";
        mHallDbManager.replaceAppBean(appBean);
        AppBean appTemp = mHallDbManager.getAppBean("com.uc108.test");
        Assert.assertEquals("com.uc108.test", appTemp.gamePackageName);
    }

    //这条目前测试在AndroidStudio3.0上会运行失败，建议使用AndroidStudio2.2
    //读取assets目录下的文件测试
    @Test
    public void assetsTest() throws  Exception{
        String str = PackageUtils.getAssetsString("defaultlocation.json");
        Assert.assertEquals(str, "abc");
    }

    //mock测试，单元测试的过程中，可能会调用外部的方法A，为了让方法A返回值可控，这个时候你需要使用mock
    @Test
    public void mockTest() throws Exception{
        appBean.setGameName("abc");
        when(appBean.getGameName()).thenReturn("cde");
        Assert.assertEquals("cde", appBean.getGameName());
    }
}

defaultlocation.json

{
    "ProvinceName":"",
    "CityName":"",
    "DistrictName":""
}

测试结果：
测试通过 sharedPreferencesTest，dbTest，mockTest
测试未通过assetsTest

初次运行依赖Robolectric的测试的时候，由于网络的原因，速度会特别慢，这个时候我们需要如下操作：把Robolectric下载依赖的地址 指向国内的源
MyRobolectricTestRunner.class

public class MyRobolectricTestRunner extends RobolectricTestRunner {
    /**
     * Creates a runner to run {@code testClass}. Looks in your working directory for your AndroidManifest.xml file
     * and res directory by default. Use the {@link Config} annotation to configure.
     *
     * @param testClass the test class to be run
     * @throws InitializationError if junit says so
     */
    public MyRobolectricTestRunner(Class<?> testClass) throws InitializationError {
        super(testClass);
        RoboSettings.setMavenRepositoryId("alimaven");
        RoboSettings.setMavenRepositoryUrl("http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/");
    }
}

RobApplication.class

public class RobApplication extends HallApplication {

}

Espresso UI集成测试

这个测试需要把apk安装到手机后才能运行测试。

GameSearchActivityTest.class

@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
@LargeTest
public class GameSearchActivityTest {
    //设置的测试的Activity
    @Rule
    public ActivityTestRule<GameSearchActivity> mActivityRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(
            GameSearchActivity.class, true, true);

    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        Thread.sleep(2000);
    }

    @Test
    public void onCreate() throws Exception {

    }

    @Test
    public void onSearch() throws Exception {
        //在输入框中输入doudizhu
        onView(withId(R.id.search_et)).perform(typeText("doudizhu"), closeSoftKeyboard());
        //点击搜索按钮
        onView(withId(R.id.search_iv)).perform(click());

        //匹配search_game_result_lv ListView中tv_name游戏标题为“斗地主”item进行点击
        onData(allOf(instanceOf(AppBean.class), ItemMatcher.withName("斗地主")))
                .inAdapterView(withId(R.id.search_game_result_lv))
                .onChildView(withId(R.id.tv_name))
                .perform(click());
    }


    public static class ItemMatcher {
        public static Matcher<Object> withName(final String name) {
            return new BoundedMatcher<Object,AppBean>(AppBean.class) {
                @Override
                public void describeTo(org.hamcrest.Description description) {
                    description.appendText("item mathcher");
                }

                @Override
                protected boolean matchesSafely(AppBean item) {
                    if(item != null && !TextUtils.isEmpty(item.getGameName()) && item.getGameName().contains(name)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                    return false;
                }
            };
        }
    }

Android测试框架可以使用@SmallTest,@MediumTest和@LargeTest 来标注测试方法，这些分类划分主要是根据测试访问数据的位置，如本地，SD卡，网络，下表为通常划分测试等级的基本方法：

Feature	Small	Medium	Large
Network access	No	localhost only	Yes
Database	No	Yes	Yes
File system access	No	Yes	Yes
Use external systems	No	Discouraged	Yes
Multiple threads	No	Yes	Yes
Sleep statements	No	Yes	Yes
System properties	No	Yes	Yes
Time limit (seconds)	60	300	900+