7、多形性

对应第7章

子类可以对父类的方法进行重写。
含有抽象(abstract)方法的类必须设成抽象类,但是没有抽象方法的类也可以设成抽象类,设成抽象类可以禁止实例化。

接口:interface

接口就是“纯抽象类”,看成类就行了,接口也可以像普通类那样作函数参数。
接口中的属性默认是static和final,且接口中的final属性不能是“空白final”。
接口中的方法默认是public
例子:

interface Instrument {
  int VALUE = 5; // static & final,不建议在接口中定义数据成员
  // Cannot have method definitions:
  void play(Note n); // Automatically public
  void adjust();
}

“伪多重继承”
继承类并调用接口,最后的类既是父类的子类,也是接口的子类

class Hero extends ActionCharacter
    implements CanFight, CanSwim, CanFly {

}

如何选择用接口还是抽象类?
接口是最简洁的,所有方法都是抽象方法,而数据属性必须是static final的,接口中不建议有数据成员
抽象类中可以有非抽象方法(即有方法体),也有数据,所以含有非抽象方法或数据时建议抽象类,其余全采用接口。

接口的继承:
例如有两个父接口As、Bs,现在创建一个子接口:
interface Cs extends As,Bs {
}

内部类

内部类可以看成整个外部类的数据属性。
好建议是:在外部类中写几个对内部类操作的方法,就好像类内部提供对数据的方法一样。

public class Parcel2 {
  class Contents {
    // 
  }
  class Destination {
    private String label;
    Destination(String whereTo) {
      label = whereTo;
    }
    String readLabel() { return label; }
  }
  // 下面三个方法是对内部类的操作
  public Destination to(String s) {
    return new Destination(s);
  }
  public Contents contents() {
    return new Contents();
  }
  public void ship(String dest) {
    Contents c = contents();
    Destination d = to(dest);
    System.out.println(d.readLabel());
  }

如果需要用到内部类类型比如Contents,若直接能访问到直接就是Contents,若不能访问到就写成 Parcel2.Contents

内部类可以访问所在外部类中的属性和方法!!

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
下面的例子可以看成model、controller的例子
例:

// 把此接口看成一个控制器
interface Selector {
  boolean end();
  Object current();
  void next();
}   
// Sequence是整个外部类,里面有数组items,数组分配空间是size,但是里面真正放的个数看add()多少次,也就是next的值
public class Sequence {
  private Object[] items;
  private int next = 0;
  public Sequence(int size) { items = new Object[size]; }
  public void add(Object x) {
    if(next < items.length)
      items[next++] = x;
  }
  // 内部类,控制作用,控制外部类的属性部分
  // 内部类访问了外部类的属性
  private class SequenceSelector implements Selector {
    private int i = 0;
    public boolean end() { return i == items.length; }
    public Object current() { return items[i]; }
    public void next() { if(i < items.length) i++; }
  }
  // 某方法
  public Selector selector() {
    return new SequenceSelector();
  } 
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Sequence sequence = new Sequence(10);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      sequence.add(Integer.toString(i));
    Selector selector = sequence.selector();
    while(!selector.end()) {
      System.out.print(selector.current() + " ");
      selector.next();
    }
  }
}

新测试写法

前面建议在每个类中留有main函数用作测试,缺点是额外代码太多,现在有个利用内部类的新方法:

//  Bed.java

public class Bed {
  public void f() { System.out.println("f()"); }
  // 内部测试类,最终版本中不需包含它
  public static class Tester {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
      Bed t = new Bed();
      t.f();
    }
  }
}

内部类:控制框架

例子:温室控制
总结:Event是总体model,之后有它的很多子类子model,Controller是对总model的控制,GreenhouseControls是Controller的子类,里面含有多个内部类且是Event的子类

//  -----------------------------------------------Event.java
public abstract class Event {
  // 活动总有延迟,比如喊出start()时系统是第3s,如果delayTime是2s,则真正的eventTime是第5s
  private long eventTime;
  protected final long delayTime;
  public Event(long delayTime) {
    this.delayTime = delayTime;
    start();
  }
  public void start() { // Allows restarting
    eventTime = System.nanoTime() + delayTime;
  }
  public boolean ready() {
    return System.nanoTime() >= eventTime;
  }
  public abstract void action();
}


//  ----------------------------------------------- Controller.java
//  对Event的控制,实质是对Event集合的控制
public class Controller {
  // A class from java.util to hold Event objects:
  private List<Event> eventList = new ArrayList<Event>();
  public void addEvent(Event c) { eventList.add(c); }
  public void run() {
    while(eventList.size() > 0)
      // Make a copy so you're not modifying the list
      // while you're selecting the elements in it:
      for(Event e : new ArrayList<Event>(eventList))
        if(e.ready()) {
          System.out.println(e);
          e.action();
          eventList.remove(e);
        }
  }
}

//-----------------------------------------------   GreenhouseControls.java
GreenhouseControls是集合控制Controller的具体实现,其中包含多个内部类分别是Event的子类
public class GreenhouseControls extends Controller {
  private boolean light = false;
  public class LightOn extends Event {
    public LightOn(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here to
      // physically turn on the light.
      light = true;
    }
    public String toString() { return "Light is on"; }
  } 
  public class LightOff extends Event {
  }

  private boolean water = false;
  public class WaterOn extends Event {
    public WaterOn(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here.
      water = true;
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Greenhouse water is on";
    }
  } 
  public class WaterOff extends Event {
  }

  private String thermostat = "Day";    
  public class ThermostatNight extends Event {
    public ThermostatNight(long delayTime) {
      super(delayTime);
    }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here.
      thermostat = "Night";
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Thermostat on night setting";
    }
  } 
  public class ThermostatDay extends Event {
  }
  // An example of an action() that inserts a
  // new one of itself into the event list:
  // 每次执行Bell类的action()时,都会再把一个新的Bell放到集合中,从而循环执行
  public class Bell extends Event {
    public Bell(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      addEvent(new Bell(delayTime));
    }
    public String toString() { return "Bing!"; }
  } 
  // 这个类好好看看!!!!
  public class Restart extends Event {
    private Event[] eventList;
    public Restart(long delayTime, Event[] eventList) {
      super(delayTime);
      this.eventList = eventList;
      for(Event e : eventList)
        addEvent(e);
    }
    public void action() {
      for(Event e : eventList) {
        e.start(); // Rerun each event
        addEvent(e);
      }
      start(); // Rerun this Event
      addEvent(this);
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Restarting system";
    }
  } 
  public static class Terminate extends Event {
    public Terminate(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() { System.exit(0); }
    public String toString() { return "Terminating";  }
  }
} 

// -----------------------------------------------运行的类 GreenhouseController.java

public class GreenhouseController {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    GreenhouseControls gc = new GreenhouseControls();
    gc.addEvent(gc.new Bell(900));
    Event[] eventList = {
      gc.new ThermostatNight(0),
      gc.new LightOn(200),
      gc.new LightOff(400),
      gc.new WaterOn(600),
      gc.new WaterOff(800),
      gc.new ThermostatDay(1400)
    };  
    gc.addEvent(gc.new Restart(2000, eventList));
    if(args.length == 1)
      gc.addEvent(
        new GreenhouseControls.Terminate(
          new Integer(args[0])));
    gc.run();
  }
} 

上溯与下溯

例:

class Useful {
  public void f() {}
  public void g() {}
}

class MoreUseful extends Useful {
  public void f() {}
  public void g() {}
  public void u() {}
}   

public class RTTI {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Useful[] x = {
      new Useful(),
      new MoreUseful()
    };
    x[0].f();
    x[1].g();
    // 错误
    //! x[1].u();
    ((MoreUseful)x[1]).u(); 
    // 出现Exception thrown
    ((MoreUseful)x[0]).u(); 
  }
}
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