系统环境。
cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
uname -a
Linux k8s-master 3.10.0-1062.9.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Dec 6 15:49:49 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
vi /etc/hosts
192.168.1.55 k8s-master
192.168.1.56 k8s-node1
192.168.1.57 k8s-node2
192.168.1.58 k8s-node3
关闭防火墙和安全设置。
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
vi /etc/fstab
#/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
vi /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
#重启生效
reboot
修改内核参数。
cat <<EOF> /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF
modprobe br_netfilter
sysctl --system
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf ...
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/10-default-yama-scope.conf ...
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 0
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf ...
kernel.sysrq = 16
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.promote_secondaries = 1
fs.protected_hardlinks = 1
fs.protected_symlinks = 1
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf ...
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf ...
#注意需要有以下两行
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
* Applying /etc/sysctl.conf ...
安装Docker。
yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
或者
#yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
已加载插件:fastestmirror
可安装的软件包
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* extras: mirror.bit.edu.cn
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.5-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.4-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.3-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.2-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.1-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.0-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.9-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.8-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.7-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.6-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.5-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.4-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.3-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.2-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
......
* base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
yum install -y docker-ce-19.03.5-3.el7
docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version: 19.03.5
API version: 1.40
Go version: go1.12.12
Git commit: 633a0ea
Built: Wed Nov 13 07:25:41 2019
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false
Server: Docker Engine - Community
Engine:
Version: 19.03.5
API version: 1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version: go1.12.12
Git commit: 633a0ea
Built: Wed Nov 13 07:24:18 2019
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false
containerd:
Version: 1.2.10
GitCommit: b34a5c8af56e510852c35414db4c1f4fa6172339
runc:
Version: 1.0.0-rc8+dev
GitCommit: 3e425f80a8c931f88e6d94a8c831b9d5aa481657
docker-init:
Version: 0.18.0
GitCommit: fec3683
systemctl start docker
systemctl enable docker
设置Kubernetes的yum源。
cat <<EOF> /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
安装kubeadmin、kubectl和kubelet服务。
yum list -y kubeadm --showduplicates
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.bit.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.bit.edu.cn
* updates: mirror.jdcloud.com
可安装的软件包
kubeadm.x86_64 1.6.0-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.6.1-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.6.2-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.6.3-0 kubernetes
......
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.0-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.1-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.2-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.3-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.4-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.5-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.6-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.7-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.8-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.9-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.10-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.11-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.13.12-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.0-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.1-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.2-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.3-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.4-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.5-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.6-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.7-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.8-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.9-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.14.10-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.0-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.1-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.2-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.3-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.4-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.5-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.6-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.15.7-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.16.0-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.16.1-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.16.2-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.16.3-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.16.4-0 kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64 1.17.0-0 kubernetes
yum install -y kubeadm-1.16.4-0 kubectl-1.16.4-0 kubelet-1.16.4-0
kubeadm version
kubeadm version: &version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"16", GitVersion:"v1.16.4", GitCommit:"224be7bdce5a9dd0c2fd0d46b83865648e2fe0ba", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2019-12-11T12:44:45Z", GoVersion:"go1.12.12", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
systemctl start kubelet
systemctl enable kubelet
查看Kubernetes所需要的镜像版本号。并提前下载好所需的七个镜像。
kubeadm config images pull --image-repository=registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
W1220 21:38:53.193429 18919 version.go:101] could not fetch a Kubernetes version from the internet: unable to get URL "https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt": Get https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt: net/http: request canceled while waiting for connection (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)
W1220 21:38:53.193913 18919 version.go:102] falling back to the local client version: v1.16.4
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.16.4
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.16.4
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.16.4
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.16.4
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.1
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.3.15-0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.2
docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver v1.16.4 3722a80984a0 9 days ago 217MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager v1.16.4 fb4cca6b4e4c 9 days ago 163MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy v1.16.4 091df896d78f 9 days ago 86.1MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler v1.16.4 2984964036c8 9 days ago 87.3MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd 3.3.15-0 b2756210eeab 3 months ago 247MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns 1.6.2 bf261d157914 4 months ago 44.1MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause 3.1 da86e6ba6ca1 24 months ago 742kB
以上所有的命令需要在k8s-master、node1、node2和node3四个节点都操作。以下初始化操作只需要在k8s-master节点操作。
初始化Master节点。
# –-pod-network-cidr:用于指定Pod的网络范围
# –-service-cidr:用于指定service的网络范围;
# --image-repository: 镜像仓库的地址,和提前下载的镜像仓库应该对应上。
kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=v1.16.4 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
--service-cidr=10.1.0.0/16 \
--image-repository=registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.16.4
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[WARNING IsDockerSystemdCheck]: detected "cgroupfs" as the Docker cgroup driver. The recommended driver is "systemd". Please follow the guide at https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/cri/
[WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 19.03.5. Latest validated version: 18.09
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.1.0.1 192.168.1.55]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master localhost] and IPs [192.168.1.55 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master localhost] and IPs [192.168.1.55 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[kubelet-check] Initial timeout of 40s passed.
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 50.510284 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.16" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: nll94a.w2g4xm386y5tjbjx
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 192.168.1.55:6443 --token nll94a.w2g4xm386y5tjbjx \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:29c411866c0c0c7f2647f0c45b188951d535f8ac29465542a5538c351e473a58
初始化完成后,需要按照提示执行以下命令。注意最后的join命令后续会使用到,需要记录。
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
修改Service的nodePort缺省取值范围。
vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
- --service-node-port-range=1-39999
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet
查看Kubernetes状态。
kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master NotReady master 6m31s v1.16.4
kubectl get all -n kube-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/coredns-58cc8c89f4-88nbr 0/1 Pending 0 5m37s
pod/coredns-58cc8c89f4-h4glp 0/1 Pending 0 5m37s
pod/etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 4m47s
pod/kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 4m45s
pod/kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 4m52s
pod/kube-proxy-tmbpd 1/1 Running 0 5m37s
pod/kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 4m43s
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/kube-dns ClusterIP 10.1.0.10 <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP,9153/TCP 5m52s
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE SELECTOR AGE
daemonset.apps/kube-proxy 1 1 1 1 1 beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux 5m52s
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
deployment.apps/coredns 0/2 2 0 5m52s
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
replicaset.apps/coredns-58cc8c89f4 2 2 0 5m37s
部署flannel网络。
mkdir k8s
cd k8s
#该地址可能无法访问。
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
#直接下载代码仓库 https://github.com/coreos/flannel,下载为flannel-master.zip文件,解压文件,
#将flannel-master\Documentation\kube-flannel.yml上传到k8s-master节点。
# 可以提前将镜像拉下来。四个节点都操作。
docker pull quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master Ready master 35m v1.16.4
kubectl get all -n kube-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/coredns-58cc8c89f4-88nbr 1/1 Running 0 34m
pod/coredns-58cc8c89f4-h4glp 1/1 Running 0 34m
pod/etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 33m
pod/kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 33m
pod/kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 33m
pod/kube-flannel-ds-amd64-5prwj 1/1 Running 0 100s
pod/kube-proxy-tmbpd 1/1 Running 1 34m
pod/kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 33m
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/kube-dns ClusterIP 10.1.0.10 <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP,9153/TCP 34m
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE SELECTOR AGE
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 1 1 1 1 1 <none> 100s
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-arm 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 99s
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-arm64 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 100s
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 99s
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-s390x 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 99s
daemonset.apps/kube-proxy 1 1 1 1 1 beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux 34m
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
deployment.apps/coredns 2/2 2 2 34m
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
replicaset.apps/coredns-58cc8c89f4 2 2 2 34m
以上命令只在k8s-master节点执行。
join node节点到Kubernetes集群中。分别在k8s-node1、k8s-node2和k8s-node3节点执行如下join命令,并执行配置命令。
kubeadm join 192.168.1.55:6443 --token nll94a.w2g4xm386y5tjbjx \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:29c411866c0c0c7f2647f0c45b188951d535f8ac29465542a5538c351e473a58
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[WARNING IsDockerSystemdCheck]: detected "cgroupfs" as the Docker cgroup driver. The recommended driver is "systemd". Please follow the guide at https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/cri/
[WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 19.03.5. Latest validated version: 18.09
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.16" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
scp 192.168.1.55:/root/.kube/config $HOME/.kube/config
查看kubernetes状态。
kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master Ready master 46m v1.16.4
k8s-node1 Ready <none> 6m2s v1.16.4
k8s-node2 Ready <none> 5m52s v1.16.4
k8s-node3 Ready <none> 5m52s v1.16.4
kubectl get all -n kube-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/coredns-58cc8c89f4-88nbr 1/1 Running 0 46m
pod/coredns-58cc8c89f4-h4glp 1/1 Running 0 46m
pod/etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 46m
pod/kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 46m
pod/kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 46m
pod/kube-flannel-ds-amd64-5dkkn 1/1 Running 0 6m25s
pod/kube-flannel-ds-amd64-5prwj 1/1 Running 0 13m
pod/kube-flannel-ds-amd64-xrpft 1/1 Running 0 6m35s
pod/kube-proxy-7966v 1/1 Running 0 6m25s
pod/kube-proxy-9tvwr 1/1 Running 0 6m35s
pod/kube-proxy-tmbpd 1/1 Running 1 46m
pod/kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 45m
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/kube-dns ClusterIP 10.1.0.10 <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP,9153/TCP 47m
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE SELECTOR AGE
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 3 3 3 3 3 <none> 13m
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-arm 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 13m
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-arm64 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 13m
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 13m
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-s390x 0 0 0 0 0 <none> 13m
daemonset.apps/kube-proxy 3 3 3 3 3 beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux 47m
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
deployment.apps/coredns 2/2 2 2 47m
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
replicaset.apps/coredns-58cc8c89f4 2 2 2 46m
完毕。