Observer模式

Observer模式

一、目的：

    定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系，当一个对象的状态发生改变时，所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。

二、举例：

    对同一组数据进行统计分析时，我们希望能够提供多种形式的表示(eg: 表格，柱状图，饼图)，这些表示都依赖于同一组数据，当这组

数据改变时，所有的统计表示都同时改变。

三、适用性：

    Observer模式应该可以说是应用最多，影响最广的框架之一，MVC结构就是用的Ovserver模式实现了业务逻辑和表示层的解耦。

    * 当一个抽象模型有两个方面，其中一个方面依赖于另一个方面，将这二者封装在独立的对象中以使它们可以各自独立的改变和复用。

    * 当对一个对象的改变需要同时改变其他对象，而不知道具体有多少个对象有待改变。

    * 当一个对象必须通知其它对象，而它又不能假定其他对象是谁，即，对象不是紧密耦合的。

四、C++代码举例：

//subject.h

#ifndef SUBJECT_H
#define SUBJECT_H

#include <list>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::string;
using std::list;
typedef string State;
class Observer;

class Subject
{
public:
    virtual ~Subject();
    virtual void Attach(Observer* obs);
    virtual void Detach(Observer* obs);
    virtual void Notify();
    virtual void SetState(const State& st) = 0;
    virtual State GetState() = 0;
protected:
    Subject();
private:
    list<Observer*> *m_obs;
};

class ConcreteSubject : public Subject{

public:
    ConcreteSubject();
    ~ConcreteSubject();
    State GetState();
    void SetState(const State& st);
private:
    State m_st;
};

#endif // SUBJECT_H

//subject.cpp

#include "subject.h"
#include "observer.h"
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
typedef string state;

Subject::Subject()
{
    m_obs = new list<Observer*>;
}

Subject::~Subject(){

}

void Subject::Attach(Observer *obs){

    m_obs->push_front(obs);
}

void Subject::Detach(Observer *obs){

    if(obs != NULL)
        m_obs->remove(obs);
}

void Subject::Notify(){

    list<Observer*>::iterator it;
    it = m_obs->begin();
    for(; it != m_obs->end(); ++it){
        (*it)->Update(this);
    }
}

ConcreteSubject::ConcreteSubject(){

    m_st = "\0";
}

ConcreteSubject::~ConcreteSubject(){

}

State ConcreteSubject::GetState(){

    return m_st;
}

void ConcreteSubject::SetState(const State &st){

    m_st = st;
}

//observer.h

#ifndef OBSERVER_H
#define OBSERVER_H

#include "subject.h"
#include <string>
using namespace std;
typedef string State;

class Observer
{
public:
    virtual ~Observer();
    virtual void Update(Subject* sub) = 0;
    virtual void PrintInfo() = 0;
protected:
    Observer();
    State m_st;
};

class ConcreteObserverA : public Observer{

public:
    virtual Subject* GetSubject();
    ConcreteObserverA(Subject* sub);
    virtual ~ConcreteObserverA();
    void Update(Subject *sub);
    void PrintInfo();
private:
    Subject* m_sub;
};

class ConcreteObserverB : public Observer{

public:
    virtual Subject* GetSubject();
    ConcreteObserverB(Subject* sub);
    virtual ~ConcreteObserverB();
    void Update(Subject *sub);
    void PrintInfo();
private:
    Subject* m_sub;
};

#endif // OBSERVER_H

//observer.cpp

#include "observer.h"
#include "subject.h"
#include <iostream>

Observer::Observer()
{
    m_st = "\0";
}

Observer::~Observer(){

}

ConcreteObserverA::ConcreteObserverA(Subject *sub){

    m_sub = sub;
    m_sub->Attach(this);
}

ConcreteObserverA::~ConcreteObserverA(){

    m_sub->Detach(this);
    if(m_sub != 0)
        delete m_sub;
}

Subject* ConcreteObserverA::GetSubject(){

    return m_sub;
}

void ConcreteObserverA::PrintInfo(){

    cout << "ConcreteObserverA..." << m_sub->GetState() << endl;
}

void ConcreteObserverA::Update(Subject *sub){

    m_st = sub->GetState();
    PrintInfo();
}

ConcreteObserverB::ConcreteObserverB(Subject *sub){

    m_sub = sub;
    m_sub->Attach(this);
}

ConcreteObserverB::~ConcreteObserverB(){

    m_sub->Detach(this);
    if(m_sub !=  0){
        delete m_sub;
    }
}

Subject* ConcreteObserverB::GetSubject(){

    return m_sub;
}

void ConcreteObserverB::PrintInfo(){

    cout << "ConcreteObserverB..." << m_sub->GetState() << endl;
}

void ConcreteObserverB::Update(Subject *sub){

    m_st = sub->GetState();
    PrintInfo();
}

//main.cpp

#include "subject.h"
#include "observer.h"
#include <iostream>

int main(){

    ConcreteSubject* sub = new ConcreteSubject();
    Observer* o1 = new ConcreteObserverA(sub);
    Observer* o2 = new ConcreteObserverB(sub);
    sub->SetState("old");
    sub->Notify();
    sub->SetState("new"); //也可用Observer调用
    sub->Notify();

}

运行结果：