LeetCode题解——Substring with Concatenation of All Words

You are given a string, s, and a list of words, words, that are all of the same length. Find all starting indices of substring(s) in s that is a concatenation of each word in wordsexactly once and without any intervening characters.

For example, given:
s: "barfoothefoobarman"
words: ["foo", "bar"]

You should return the indices: [0,9].

(order does not matter).

解题思路：

(1)  怎样得到所有候选解？

一种方法是用大小为words.size()*words[0].size()的window在s上滑动选取候选集，即得到的候选集为：barfoo，arfoot，rfooth... 等等.然后对候选解处理，判断是否是一个concatenation。

另一种方法的思想是：通过words[0].size()次移位覆盖所有候选集，具体思想是:

方法二:引入变量left,假设left = 0,即从第0个元素起开始处理，遍历每个单词，形式为：bar foo the foo bar man; left = 1时，遍历每次单词，为：arf oot hef oob arm; left=2时，遍历每个单词，形式为：rfo oth efo oba rma. 当left>=word[0].size（）= 3时，单词的划分形式和left=1相同。因此，上述三种划分覆盖了所有的单词划分形式。而每个候选解即是这些单词的顺序组合。

(2)  怎样判断候选解？

对words建立一个词典，对s建立一个词典，比较s的词典和words中的词典是否吻合，若是，则找到一个符合条件的解。

方法二代码：

class Solution {
public:
    // travel all the words combinations to maintain a window
    // there are wl(word len) times travel
    // each time, n/wl words, mostly 2 times travel for each word
    // one left side of the window, the other right side of the window
    // so, time complexity O(wl * 2 * N/wl) = O(2N)
    vector<int> findSubstring(string S, vector<string> &L) {
        vector<int> ans;
        int n = S.size(), cnt = L.size();
        if (n <= 0 || cnt <= 0) return ans;

        // init word occurence
        unordered_map<string, int> dict;
        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) dict[L[i]]++;

        // travel all sub string combinations
        int wl = L[0].size();
        for (int i = 0; i < wl; ++i) {
            int left = i, count = 0;
            unordered_map<string, int> tdict;
            for (int j = i; j <= n - wl; j += wl) {
                string str = S.substr(j, wl);
                // a valid word, accumulate results
                if (dict.count(str)) {
                    tdict[str]++;
                    if (tdict[str] <= dict[str]) 
                        count++;
                    else {
                        // a more word, advance the window left side possiablly
                        while (tdict[str] > dict[str]) {
                            string str1 = S.substr(left, wl);
                            tdict[str1]--;
                            if (tdict[str1] < dict[str1]) count--;
                            left += wl;
                        }
                    }
                    // come to a result
                    if (count == cnt) {
                        ans.push_back(left);
                        // advance one word
                        tdict[S.substr(left, wl)]--;
                        count--;
                        left += wl;
                    }
                }
                // not a valid word, reset all vars
                else {
                    tdict.clear();
                    count = 0;
                    left = j + wl;
                }
            }
        }

        return ans;
    }
};

方法一代码：

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> findSubstring(string s, vector<string>& words) {
        vector<int> ans;
        int sz = s.size();
        int n = words.size();
        if(!sz || !n) return ans;
        int l = words[0].size();
        int t_size = n*l;
    
        unordered_map<string,int> t_map;
        for(auto c:words){
            t_map[c]++;
        }
        
        int start = 0; 
        
        while(start+t_size<=sz){
            unordered_map<string,int> s_map;
            int count=0;
            for(int i=start;i<t_size+start;i+=l){
                string c = s.substr(i,l);
                if(t_map[c]>0){
                    ++s_map[c];
					if(s_map[c]==t_map[c]) count+=t_map[c];
                    else if(s_map[c]>t_map[c]) break;
                }
                else break;
            }
			if(count==n) ans.push_back(start);
			start++;
        }
        return ans;
    }
};