Android Listview异步加载之性能优化

效果图：

本文旨在提高异步加载的效率。以listview为例，加载大量item时，必须使用异步加载，否则造成滑动卡顿，甚至程序崩溃。

本文主要在三方面提高listview的加载效率：

1.首次启动预加载(首次启动仅加载可见的item)；

2.listview滑动停止后才加载可见项；

3.listview滑动时，不进行项加载。

该Demo使用的数据来源于慕课网提供的json数据：https://www.imooc.com/api/teacher?type=4&num=30，主程序的布局非常简单，就一个listview：

activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:padding="16dp"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <ListView
        android:id="@+id/lv_main"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent">
    </ListView>

</LinearLayout>

listview中item的布局由一个Imagview和一个嵌套的LinearLayout组成，该嵌套的线性布局包含标题和内容这两个Textview：
item_layout.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:padding="4dp">

    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/icon_item"
        android:layout_width="64dp"
        android:layout_height="64dp"
        android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher"/>

    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="vertical"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:paddingLeft="4dp">

        <TextView
            android:id="@+id/title"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="Title"
            android:maxLines="1"
            android:textSize="15sp"/>

        <TextView
            android:id="@+id/content"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="Content"
            android:maxLines="3"
            android:textSize="10sp"/>

    </LinearLayout>

</LinearLayout>

本文使用AsyncTask进行异步处理，AsyncTask是一个抽象类，我们必须写一个子类继承它，在子类中完成具体的业务下载操作。AsyncTask抽象类指定了三个泛型参数类型，这三个泛型类型参数的含义如下：

Params：开始异步任务执行时传入的参数类型，即doInBackground()方法中的参数类型；

Progress：异步任务执行过程中，返回下载进度值的类型，即在doInBackground中调用publishProgress()时传入的参数类型；

Result：异步任务执行完成后，返回的结果类型，即doInBackground()方法的返回值类型。

AsyncTask的基本生命周期过程为：onPreExecute() --> doInBackground() --> onPostExecute()。

（1）onPreExecute()：在执行后台下载操作之前调用，运行在主线程中；

（2）doInBackground()：核心方法，执行后台下载操作的方法，必须实现的一个方法，运行在子线程中；

（3）onPostExecute()：后台下载操作完成后调用，运行在主线程中；

关于想了解更多关于AsyncTask的同学自行网上查找相关资料学习，这里不再赘述。

本文写一个继承AsyncTask的子类NewsAsyncTask ，三个泛型类的参数分别是String(json数据url字符串，如本例中如上面提到慕课网json数据的url)，Void(没有用到下载进度值)，List(要加载的数据)

 class NewsAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String,Void,List<NewsBeans>>{

        @Override
        protected List<NewsBeans> doInBackground(String... strings) {
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(List<NewsBeans> list) {
            super.onPostExecute(list);
        }
    }

启动该AsyncTask：

new NewsAsyncTask().execute(NEWS_URL);//NEWS_URL为慕课网提供的json数据url

定义一个实体类表示每一项的三个组件，该实体类的三个变量分别表示图片url，标题，内容：

package mini.org.cachedemo.bean;

public class NewsBeans {
    public String mNewsIconUrl;
    public String mNewsTitle;
    public String mNewsContent;
}

NewsAsyncTask 中的doInBackground回调方法中需要返回一个List，该list存放着每一项内容的NewsBeans对象。

class NewsAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String,Void,List<NewsBeans>>{

        @Override
        protected List<NewsBeans> doInBackground(String... strings) {
            return getDataJson(strings[0]);
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(List<NewsBeans> list) {
            super.onPostExecute(list);
            
        }
    }

doInBackground该回调函数中的strings[0]得到NewsAsyncTask启动时传入的url，getDataJson该方法通过传入的url获得到listview的数据。

 private List<NewsBeans> getDataJson(String url) {
        List<NewsBeans> mNewsList = new ArrayList<>();
        try {
            String jsonString = readStream(new URL(url).openStream());
            JSONObject jsonObject;
            NewsBeans newsBeans;
            try {
                jsonObject = new JSONObject(jsonString);
                JSONArray jsonArray = jsonObject.getJSONArray("data");
                for (int i=0;i<jsonArray.length();i++){
                    jsonObject = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);
                    newsBeans = new NewsBeans();
                    newsBeans.mNewsIconUrl = jsonObject.getString("picSmall");
                    newsBeans.mNewsTitle = jsonObject.getString("name");
                    newsBeans.mNewsContent = jsonObject.getString("description");
                    mNewsList.add(newsBeans);
                }
            } catch (JSONException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return mNewsList;
    }

通过readStream方法得到json字符串，然后再获得各个data。readStream方法将输入流转换成字符串：

private String readStream(InputStream is) {
        InputStreamReader isr = null;
        String result = "";
        try {
            String line = "";
            isr = new InputStreamReader(is,"utf-8");
            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
            while ((line = br.readLine())!=null){
                result += line;
            }
            return result;
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }

NewsAsyncTask的onPostExecute回调方法中给listview设置适配器，将数据显示到listview上。

protected void onPostExecute(List<NewsBeans> list) {
    super.onPostExecute(list);
    NewsAdapter adapter = new NewsAdapter(MainActivity.this,list);
    mListView.setAdapter(adapter);
}

public class NewsAdapter extends BaseAdapter{

    private List<NewsBeans> mList;
    private LayoutInflater inflater;
    private ImageLoader imageLoader;
    public NewsAdapter(Context context, List<NewsBeans> list){
        mList = list;
        inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
        imageLoader = new ImageLoader();
    }
    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return mList.size();
    }

    @Override
    public Object getItem(int position) {
        return mList.get(position);
    }

    @Override
    public long getItemId(int position) {
        return position;
    }

    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ViewHolder viewHolder = null;
        if (convertView == null){
            viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
            convertView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.item_layout,null,false);
            viewHolder.ivIcon = (ImageView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.icon_item);
            viewHolder.tvTitle = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.title);
            viewHolder.tvContent = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.content);
            convertView.setTag(viewHolder);
        }else{
            viewHolder = (ViewHolder)convertView.getTag();
        }
        viewHolder.ivIcon.setImageResource(R.mipmap.ic_launcher);
        String url = mList.get(position).mNewsIconUrl;
        viewHolder.ivIcon.setTag(url);//给每个imageview设置tag，避免加载时item间的图片错位
        imageLoader.showImageByAsycnTask(viewHolder.ivIcon,url);
        viewHolder.tvTitle.setText(mList.get(position).mNewsTitle);
        viewHolder.tvContent.setText(mList.get(position).mNewsContent);
        return convertView;
    }

    class ViewHolder{
        public TextView tvTitle,tvContent;
        public ImageView ivIcon;
    }
}

定义一个工具类ImageLoader来异步加载网络图片

public class ImageLoader {

    private LruCache<String,Bitmap> mCache;

    public ImageLoader(ListView listView){
        //获得最大可用内存
        int maxMemory = (int)Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();
        int cacheSize = maxMemory/4;
        mCache = new LruCache<String,Bitmap>(cacheSize){
            @Override
            protected int sizeOf(String key, Bitmap value) {
                return value.getByteCount();
            }
        };
    }


    //添加到缓存
    public void putBitmapToCache(String url,Bitmap bitmap){
        Bitmap bm = getBitmapFromCache(url);
        if (bm == null) {
            mCache.put(url, bitmap);
        }
    }

    
    //从缓存中读取数据
    public Bitmap getBitmapFromCache(String url){
        return mCache.get(url);
    }

    public Bitmap getBitmapByUrl(String url){
        Bitmap bitmap;
        InputStream is = null;
        try {
            URL mUrl = new URL(url);
            HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection)mUrl.openConnection();
            is = new BufferedInputStream(connection.getInputStream());
            bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is);
            connection.disconnect();
            return bitmap;
        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }  finally {
            try {
                is.close();
            }catch (Exception e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    public void showImageByAsycnTask(ImageView imageView,String url){
        Bitmap bitmap = getBitmapFromCache(url);
        if (bitmap != null){
            imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
        }else {
            new NewsAsycnTask(imageView,url).excute(url);
        }
    }

    class NewsAsycnTask extends AsyncTask<String,Void,Bitmap>{
        private String mNewsUrl;
        private ImageView mImageView;
        public NewsAsycnTask(ImageView imageview,String url){
            mNewsUrl = url;
            mImageView = imageview;
        }

        @Override
        protected Bitmap doInBackground(String... strings) {
            String url = strings[0];
            Bitmap bitmap = getBitmapByUrl(url);
            if (bitmap != null){
                putBitmapToCache(url,bitmap);
            }
            return bitmap;
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap bitmap) {
            super.onPostExecute(bitmap);
            if (imageView.getTag().equals(mUrl)){
                imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
            }
        }
    }
}

至此，一个简单的listview异步加载数据就实现了。但不难发现如果listview在加载大量数据时，滑动时体验效果很差，因此还可以再优化下加载方法，一是在listview滑动停止后才加载可见项，二是滑动时不进行加载，三是首次启动时加载可见项。此时listview需要监听OnScrollListener，在onScrollStateChanged回调方法中得到滑动的状态，根据进行加载还是停止加载，从而达到优化的目的。对Adapter需要进行如下改动：

package mini.org.cachedemo.adapter;

import android.content.Context;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.AbsListView;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.TextView;

import java.util.List;

import mini.org.cachedemo.R;
import mini.org.cachedemo.bean.NewsBeans;
import mini.org.cachedemo.util.ImageLoader;

public class NewsAdapter extends BaseAdapter implements AbsListView.OnScrollListener{

    private List<NewsBeans> mList;
    private LayoutInflater inflater;
    private ImageLoader imageLoader;
    private int start,end;
    public static String URL[];
    private boolean isFirst;
    public NewsAdapter(Context context, List<NewsBeans> list, ListView listView){
        mList = list;
        inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
        imageLoader = new ImageLoader(listView);
        URL = new String[list.size()];
        for (int i=0;i<list.size();i++){
            URL[i] = list.get(i).mNewsIconUrl;
        }
        isFirst = true;
        listView.setOnScrollListener(this);//监听滑动状态
    }
    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return mList.size();
    }

    @Override
    public Object getItem(int position) {
        return mList.get(position);
    }

    @Override
    public long getItemId(int position) {
        return position;
    }

    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ViewHolder viewHolder = null;
        if (convertView == null){
            viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
            convertView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.item_layout,null,false);
            viewHolder.ivIcon = (ImageView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.icon_item);
            viewHolder.tvTitle = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.title);
            viewHolder.tvContent = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.content);
            convertView.setTag(viewHolder);
        }else{
            viewHolder = (ViewHolder)convertView.getTag();
        }
        viewHolder.ivIcon.setImageResource(R.mipmap.ic_launcher);
        String url = mList.get(position).mNewsIconUrl;
        viewHolder.ivIcon.setTag(url);
        imageLoader.showImageByAsycnTask(viewHolder.ivIcon,url);
        viewHolder.tvTitle.setText(mList.get(position).mNewsTitle);
        viewHolder.tvContent.setText(mList.get(position).mNewsContent);
        return convertView;
    }

    @Override
    public void onScrollStateChanged(AbsListView view, int scrollState) {
        if (scrollState == SCROLL_STATE_IDLE){//滑动停止时加载数据
            imageLoader.loadImages(start,end);
        }else{
            imageLoader.cancelAllTask();//滑动时取消加载
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onScroll(AbsListView view, int firstVisibleItem, int visibleItemCount, int totalItemCount) {
        start = firstVisibleItem;
        end = firstVisibleItem + visibleItemCount;
        if (isFirst && visibleItemCount > 0){//首次加载且可见项目不为0时加载条目
            imageLoader.loadImages(start,end);
            isFirst = false;
        }
    }

    class ViewHolder{
        public TextView tvTitle,tvContent;
        public ImageView ivIcon;
    }
}

相应的ImageLoader和主程序要进行部分改动：

package mini.org.cachedemo.util;

import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.util.Log;
import android.util.LruCache;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.ListView;

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

import mini.org.cachedemo.R;
import mini.org.cachedemo.adapter.NewsAdapter;

public class ImageLoader {

    private LruCache<String,Bitmap> mCache;
    private Set<NewsAsycnTask> mTasks;//定义一个Set存放加载图片的task
    private ListView mListView;

    public ImageLoader(ListView listView){
        mTasks = new HashSet<>();
        mListView = listView;
        int maxMemory = (int)Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();
        int cacheSize = maxMemory/4;
        mCache = new LruCache<String,Bitmap>(cacheSize){
            @Override
            protected int sizeOf(String key, Bitmap value) {
                return value.getByteCount();
            }
        };
    }



    public void putBitmapToCache(String url,Bitmap bitmap){
        Bitmap bm = getBitmapFromCache(url);
        if (bm == null) {
            mCache.put(url, bitmap);
        }
    }

    public Bitmap getBitmapFromCache(String url){
        return mCache.get(url);
    }


    public void cancelAllTask(){
        if (mTasks!=null) {
            for (NewsAsycnTask task : mTasks) {
                task.cancel(false);
            }
        }
    }

    public Bitmap getBitmapByUrl(String url){
        Bitmap bitmap;
        InputStream is = null;
        try {
            URL mUrl = new URL(url);
            HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection)mUrl.openConnection();
            is = new BufferedInputStream(connection.getInputStream());
            bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is);
            connection.disconnect();
            return bitmap;
        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }  finally {
            try {
                is.close();
            }catch (Exception e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    public void showImageByAsycnTask(ImageView imageView,String url){
        Bitmap bitmap = getBitmapFromCache(url);
        if (bitmap != null){
            imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
        }else {
            imageView.setImageResource(R.mipmap.ic_launcher);
        }
    }
    public void loadImages(int start,int end){
        for (int i=start;i<end;i++){
            String url = NewsAdapter.URL[i];
            Bitmap bitmap = getBitmapFromCache(url);
            if (bitmap != null){
                ImageView imageView = (ImageView)mListView.findViewWithTag(url);
                imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
            }else {
                NewsAsycnTask task = new NewsAsycnTask(url);
                task.execute(url);
                mTasks.add(task);
            }
        }
    }

    class NewsAsycnTask extends AsyncTask<String,Void,Bitmap>{
        private String mNewsUrl;
        public NewsAsycnTask(String url){
            mNewsUrl = url;
        }

        @Override
        protected Bitmap doInBackground(String... strings) {
            String url = strings[0];
            Bitmap bitmap = getBitmapByUrl(url);
            if (bitmap != null){
                putBitmapToCache(url,bitmap);
            }
            return bitmap;
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap bitmap) {
            super.onPostExecute(bitmap);
            ImageView imageView = (ImageView)mListView.findViewWithTag(mNewsUrl);
            if (imageView!=null && bitmap!=null){
                imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
            }
            mTasks.remove(this);
        }
    }
}

package mini.org.cachedemo;

import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.widget.ListView;

import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import mini.org.cachedemo.adapter.NewsAdapter;
import mini.org.cachedemo.bean.NewsBeans;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private static final String NEWS_URL= "https://www.imooc.com/api/teacher?type=4&num=30";
    private ListView mListView;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        mListView = (ListView)findViewById(R.id.lv_main);
        new NewsAsyncTask().execute(NEWS_URL);
    }

    class NewsAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String,Void,List<NewsBeans>>{

        @Override
        protected List<NewsBeans> doInBackground(String... strings) {
            return getDataJson(strings[0]);
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(List<NewsBeans> list) {
            super.onPostExecute(list);
            NewsAdapter adapter = new NewsAdapter(MainActivity.this,list,mListView);
            mListView.setAdapter(adapter);
        }
    }

    private List<NewsBeans> getDataJson(String url) {
        List<NewsBeans> mNewsList = new ArrayList<>();
        try {
            String jsonString = readStream(new URL(url).openStream());
            JSONObject jsonObject;
            NewsBeans newsBeans;
            try {
                jsonObject = new JSONObject(jsonString);
                JSONArray jsonArray = jsonObject.getJSONArray("data");
                for (int i=0;i<jsonArray.length();i++){
                    jsonObject = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);
                    newsBeans = new NewsBeans();
                    newsBeans.mNewsIconUrl = jsonObject.getString("picSmall");
                    newsBeans.mNewsTitle = jsonObject.getString("name");
                    newsBeans.mNewsContent = jsonObject.getString("description");
                    mNewsList.add(newsBeans);
                }
            } catch (JSONException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return mNewsList;
    }

    private String readStream(InputStream is) {
        InputStreamReader isr = null;
        String result = "";
        try {
            String line = "";
            isr = new InputStreamReader(is,"utf-8");
            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
            while ((line = br.readLine())!=null){
                result += line;
            }
            return result;
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }

}

关于listview的大量数据的异步加载，使用系统提供的AsyncTask进行异步加载，提高加载的效率。另外， 通过一级缓存即LRC机制来优化，这样item再次滑动可见时就没必要再次通过流来获取bitmap，提高了图片显示的效率。