python3.10 新的特性介绍

python3.10 新的特性介绍

Python3.10 发布也有一段时间了，新的版本提供了一些好用的功能，可能比较关注的就是 match case 这个多分支选择语法。 以及 with 语句 的改进等。

with 嵌套语句的使用 新增

with 语句 可以同时 进行 多个 with ，打开多个上下文管理器。

import os
import os.path
from typing import List

# 源路径
src_path = r'C:\Users\XXX\XXXX\XXX\XXXXX'

# 目标路径
dst_path = r'C:\Users\AAA\BBBB\CCCC'


def get_filelist(path: str) -> List:
    """
    返回 当前路径下面所有的文件名称
    :param path:
    :return:
    """
    results = []

    for home, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
        for filename in files:
            ab_path = os.path.join(home, filename)
            results.append(ab_path)
    return results


def add_head_footer(xml_string: str):
    """
    add lncr head  and footer
    """

   	head = 'this is head'
    footer = 'this is footer'

    return head + xml_string + footer


# python.3.10 以前的写法
def add_header_xml():
    src_files = get_filelist(src_path)

    for full_file in src_files:
        file_name = os.path.basename(full_file)

        with open(os.path.join(dst_path, file_name), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            with open(os.path.join(src_path, file_name), 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fout:
                src_xml = fout.read()
                head_string = add_head_footer(src_xml)

                try:
                    f.write(head_string)
                except (UnicodeError, UnicodeEncodeError) as e:
                    print(f"file_name :{file_name},e:{e}")
                print(f"{file_name} deal done.")

如果使用with 嵌套语句, 在with 可以打开多个文件， 一个作为源， 一个作为写入的文件。

下面是在python3.10 解释器下面

# python.3.10 的写法
def add_header_xml():
    src_files = get_filelist(src_path)

    for full_file in src_files:
        file_name = os.path.basename(full_file)

        with (
                open(os.path.join(dst_path, file_name), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f,
                open(os.path.join(src_path, file_name), 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fout,                                                                                 
        ):
            src_xml = fout.read()
            head_string = add_head_footer(src_xml)

            try:
                f.write(head_string)
            except (UnicodeError,UnicodeEncodeError) as e:
                print(f"file_name :{file_name},e:{e}")
            print(f"{file_name} deal done." )

是不是看起来比以前 舒服一些了呢。

Match case 语句 新增

PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching

千呼万唤始出来， 终于python 也出现了 其他语言中 switch 语句的功能， python 使用的是 match case 语法来完成多分支选择 。

匹配对象

from dataclasses import dataclass

from enum import Enum



@dataclass
class Point:
    x: int
    y: int

        
def location(point:Point):
    match point:
        case Point(x=0, y=0):
            print("Origin is the point's location.")
        case Point(x=0, y=y):
            print(f"Y={y} and the point is on the y-axis.")
        case Point(x=x, y=0):
            print(f"X={x} and the point is on the x-axis.")
        case Point():
            print("The point is located somewhere else on the plane.")
        case _:
            print("Not a point")
            
            
if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = Point(x=1,y=0)
    location(p)

甚至可以嵌套

from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum
from typing import List 


@dataclass
class Point:
    x: int
    y: int
        

def location(points:List[Point] ):
    match points:
	    case []:
	        print("No points in the list.")
	    case [Point(0, 0)]:
	        print("The origin is the only point in the list.")
	    case [Point(x, y)]:
	        print(f"A single point {x}, {y} is in the list.")
	    case [Point(0, y1), Point(0, y2)]:
	        print(f"Two points on the Y axis at {y1}, {y2} are in the list.")
	    case _:
	        print("Something else is found in the list.")

            

if __name__ == '__main__':
	pass

	p = Point(x=0,y=1)
	p2 = Point(x=0,y=2)
	location([p,p2])  # Two points on the Y axis at 1, 2 are in the list.
	
  p = Point(x=1,y=3)
	location([p]) # A single point 1, 3 is in the list.
	
  location([]) # No points in the list.
    

在case 中也可以添加 一些判断条件。 比如 x==y, x>y

match point:
    case Point(x, y) if x == y:
        print(f"The point is located on the diagonal Y=X at {x}.")
    case Point(x, y):
        print(f"Point is not on the diagonal.")

匹配状态码

            

def http_error(status):
    match status:
        case 400:
            return "Bad request"
        case 404:
            return "Not found"
        case 418:
            return "I'm a teapot"
        case _:
            return "Something's wrong with the internet"

            
if __name__ == '__main__':

	print(http_error('400'))
   	print(http_error(400))

如果要匹配多个状态码 ,可以使用 | 或 运算符来完成。

case 401 | 403 | 404:
    return "Not allowed"

匹配枚举类型的变量

如果匹配 条件中有一部分重合的条件，从上到下匹配， 先匹配成功之后，进入对应的case ,其他的case 语句 将不会进入了。 case _ 如果没有前面都没有匹配到， 这个是兜底策略，一定会进入这个 case 语句。

class Color(Enum):
    RED = 0
    GREEN = 1
    BLUE = 2
    BLACK = 3 


def which_color(color):
	match color:
	    case Color.RED:
	        print("I see red!")
	    case Color.BLUE|Color.GREEN:
	        print("I'm feeling the blues.")
	    case Color.GREEN:
	        print("Grass is green")
	    case _ :
	    	print("Sorry, I'm not find color.")
	    
    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    pass
    color = Color.GREEN
    which_color(color) # I'm feeling the blues
    
    color = Color.BLACK
    which_color(color) # Sorry, I'm not find color.

或操作符新的含义

在Python 3.10中， | 符号有的新语法，可以表示x类型 或 Y类型，以取代之前的typing.Union 完成类型注解.

在3.10 以前写 参数注解，如果参数中有可能有两种类型， 就需要使用 Union 来指定类型。

例如：

from typing import Union


def double(value: Union[int, str]) -> Union[int, str]:
    return value*2

现在可以使用 | 来指定类型

def double(value: str | int) -> str | int:
    return value * 2


if __name__ == '__main__':		
	print(double('name'))
	print(double(10))

这个新的定义也可以使用在 isinstance() and issubclass() 函数中。

>>> isinstance(5,int|str|dict)
True

其他

报错更加明确以及 精确到行的报错，指出对应的行数，以及对一些模块的性能提升。

参考文档

what’s new 3.10

pep0634

Python 3.10 中新的功能和变化

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