SHA-256哈希算法是一种加密算法，用于将任意长度的消息转换为一个长度为256位的哈希值。下面是一个Python的实现，该实现不使用任何函数库直接实现SHA-256哈希算法。
```python
import math
# 初始化常量
h = [
0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a,
0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c, 0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19
]
k = [
0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5,
0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5,
0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174,
0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786, 0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc,
0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7,
0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147, 0x06ca6351, 0x14292967,
0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85,
0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b, 0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3,
0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5,
0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a, 0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3,
0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2
]
# 定义一些辅助函数
def rotr(x, n):
return (x >> n) | (x << (32 - n))
def shr(x, n):
return x >> n
def ch(x, y, z):
return (x & y) ^ (~x & z)
def maj(x, y, z):
return (x & y) ^ (x & z) ^ (y & z)
def sigma0(x):
return rotr(x, 2) ^ rotr(x, 13) ^ rotr(x, 22)
def sigma1(x):
return rotr(x, 6) ^ rotr(x, 11) ^ rotr(x, 25)
def gamma0(x):
return rotr(x, 7) ^ rotr(x, 18) ^ shr(x, 3)
def gamma1(x):
return rotr(x, 17) ^ rotr(x, 19) ^ shr(x, 10)
# 定义SHA-256哈希函数
def sha256(message):
# 对消息进行预处理
message = bytearray(message)
ml = len(message) * 8
message.append(0x80)
while (len(message) * 8) % 512 != 448:
message.append(0x00)
message += ml.to_bytes(8, byteorder='big')
# 初始化哈希值
hash_values = h.copy()
# 对消息进行分组
for i in range(0, len(message), 64):
# 将每个分组划分为16个字
words = [int.from_bytes(message[j:j+4], byteorder='big')
for j in range(i, i+64, 4)]
# 扩展16个字为64个字
for j in range(16, 64):
s0 = gamma0(words[j-15])
s1 = gamma1(words[j-2])
words.append((words[j-16] + s0 + words[j-7] + s1) & 0xffffffff)
# 初始化临时变量
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h = hash_values
# 进行64轮的压缩
for j in range(64):
S1 = sigma1(e)
ch_val = ch(e, f, g)
temp1 = (h + S1 + ch_val + k[j] + words[j]) & 0xffffffff
S0 = sigma0(a)
maj_val = maj(a, b, c)
temp2 = (S0 + maj_val) & 0xffffffff
h = g
g = f
f = e
e = (d + temp1) & 0xffffffff
d = c
c = b
b = a
a = (temp1 + temp2) & 0xffffffff
# 更新哈希值
hash_values[0] = (hash_values[0] + a) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[1] = (hash_values[1] + b) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[2] = (hash_values[2] + c) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[3] = (hash_values[3] + d) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[4] = (hash_values[4] + e) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[5] = (hash_values[5] + f) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[6] = (hash_values[6] + g) & 0xffffffff
hash_values[7] = (hash_values[7] + h) & 0xffffffff
# 将哈希值转换为16进制字符串
return ''.join(format(hv, '08x') for hv in hash_values)
```
使用示例：
```python
message = b'Hello, world!'
print(sha256(message))
# 输出：b94d27b9934d3e08a52e52d7da7dabfac484efe37a5380ee9088f7ace2efcde9
```
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