拜读wuye大神github上的大作cpptemplatetutorial,以C++的模板为基础的元编程入门讲义,收获颇丰,虽然仅是入门,更多的是思维上的拓展
元编程,就是对代码进行操作的编程模式。既然是模版元编程,那么就会有以下优点:
1.使用模板,就可以有代码重用、使用安全、类型安全等好处。
2.利用元编程进行类型识别,STL里也用到这种技术、类型识别完了后就根据不同的类型调用适合的函数,提高了效率
3.运算在编译时完成,不占用运行时间。
模板元编程很好的运用了C++模板特化、偏特化的强大功能,和一些技巧,如模版匹配中的SFINAE、递归模板、整型参数等
另记vczh大神的说法:【类型和值是同一种东西】
小应用:
给类型分配id:
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
//--------------------- ID type template-------------//
template <typename T> class TypeToID
{
public:
static int const ID = -1;
};
template <> class TypeToID <uint8_t>
{
public:
static int const ID = 0;
};
template <> class TypeToID <uint16_t>
{
public:
static int const ID = 1;
};
template <> class TypeToID <uint32_t>
{
public:
static int const ID = 2;
};
template <> class TypeToID <uint64_t>
{
public:
static int const ID = 3;
};
template <> class TypeToID <float>
{
public:
static int const ID = 0xF10A7;
};
template <> class TypeToID <void* >
{
public:
static int const ID = 0x401d;
};
template <typename T> class TypeToID<T *>
{
public:
typedef T SameAsT;
static int const ID = 0x80000000;
};
//--------------------- RemovePointer template --------------//
template <typename T> class RemovePointer {}; // prototype
template <typename T> class RemovePointer<T*>
{
public:
typedef T Result;
};
int main()
{
cout << "ID of uint8_t: " << TypeToID<uint8_t>::ID << endl;
cout << "ID of uint16_t: " << TypeToID<uint16_t>::ID << endl;
cout << "ID of uint32_t: " << TypeToID<uint32_t>::ID << endl;
cout << "ID of uint64_t: " << TypeToID<uint64_t>::ID << endl;
cout << "ID of float: " << TypeToID<float>::ID << endl;
cout << "ID of void*: " << TypeToID<void*>::ID << endl;
cout << "ID of float*: " << TypeToID<float*>::ID << endl;
// how clever compiler is !
cout << TypeToID<TypeToID<float*>::SameAsT>::ID << endl;
RemovePointer<float *>::Result x = 0.5f;
cout << x << endl;
}
2元编程实现 斐波那契递归:
// prototype
template <int Index>
class MetaFibonacci
{
public:
static int const value = MetaFibonacci<Index-1>::value + MetaFibonacci<Index-2>::value;
};
// special exit
template <>
class MetaFibonacci<1>
{
public:
static int const value = 1;
};
template <>
class MetaFibonacci<2>
{
public:
static int const value = 1;
};
3类型判断条件:
// prototype
template <typename T, typename N>
class Equal
{
public:
static bool const value = false;
};
// special type
template <typename T>
class Equal<T, T>
{
public:
static bool const value = true;
};
bool x = Equal<int, float>::value;
bool y = Equal<int, int>::value;