计算机网络重要知识点

OSI Model:

7. APPLICATION Layer ：User Interface (Browser)

6. Presentation Layer : Data presentation and encryption  (Common Format)

• ensures that information sent by the application layer of one system is readable by the application layer of another system
• translates between multiple data representation formats by using a common data representation format
• concerned with data structures and negotiation of data transfer syntax

5. Session Layer : Inter-host Connection  (Dialog and Conversation)

• establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between communicating hosts
• synchronizes dialog between presentation layer entities and manages their data exchange
• offers provisions for efficient data transfer, class of service, and exception reporting of session, presentation, and application layer problems

   

4. Transport Layer : End to End Connection   (Reliability, Flow control, Error correction)

• segments and reassembles data into a data stream
• concerned with how reliable transport over an internetwork is accomplished
• responsible for reliable network communication between end nodes and provides mechanisms for the establishment, maintenance, and termination of virtual circuits, transport fault detection and recovery, and information flow control

        Flow control and reliability:  can be compared to talking to a foreigner.   Often you would ask the foreigner to repeat his/her words (reliability) and to speak slowly (flow control)

        TCP:  Connection -oriented

                    Software checking for segment

                    Re-send anything lost or error

                    Uses acknowledgments

                    Provides flow control

        UDP: unreliable

                connectionless 

                provides no software checking for segment

                uses no acknowledgments

                provides no flow control

          

3. Network layer : Addresses and Best Path   (Path selection, Routing and Addressing)

• Provide connectivity and path selection between two end systems where routing occurs
• These may be located on geographically separated networks

    Responsible for hierarchichal addressing, segment network and control flow of traffic, reduce congestion

   IP Address: 32 bits long, Two components(network ID and host ID)

   

     ARP: 根据IP地址找到对应的MAC地址 

2. Data Link Layer : Access to media    (frame, media access control, naming )

• provides reliable transit of data across physical layer
• is concerned with physical (as opposed to logical) addressing, network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control

数据链路层（DataLinkLayer):在物理层提供比特流服务的基础上，建立相邻结点之间的数据链路，通过差错控制提供数据帧（Frame）在信道上无差错的传输，并进行各电路上的动作系列。 在不可靠的物理介质上提供可靠的传输。

分为LLC 和 MAC两层， 分别针对网络层和物理层：

Logical Link Control LLC:　Logical identifies different protocol types and encapsulate, Flow Control (基于滑动窗口，回退或选择重传)

Media Access Control MAC Protocol : Naming, Framing, Physical Addressing  

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD : 发送数据前 先侦听信道是否空闲 ,若空闲，则立即发送数据。若信道忙碌，则等待一段时间至信道中的信息传输结束后再发送数据；若在上一段信息发送结束后，同时有两个或两个以上的节点都提出发送请求，则判定为冲突。若侦听到冲突,则立即停止发送数据，等待一段随机时间,再重新尝试。

1. Physical Layer : Binary Transimission    (Signal and Media)

• defines the electrical and functional specifications for the link between end systems (including media).
• defines voltage（电压） levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other, similar attributes

Protocol：

TCP Transmission Control Protocol 

• Problems must be solved in TCP:

Reliable transfer

Flow control

Sliding window

congestion avoidance…

Connection management

Establish connection：three handshakes

Release connection： four handshakes

TCP Establish Connection 

TCP Release Connection:

UDP User Datagram Protocol:

Why do we need UDP?

• No connection establishment (which can add delay)  No delay
• Simple: no connection state at sender, receiver
• Small segment header
• No congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired

Features:

Connectionless:

          no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver

          each UDP segment handled independently of others

Often used for streaming multimedia applications:

     loss tolerant

     rate sensitive

UDP are used in:

     RIP: To send the route information periodically

     DNS: Avoid the delay to setup the TCP connection

     SNMP: When congestion, SNMP must still runable. Without the congestion and reliability control mechanism, UDP has better performance than TCP under the circumstances.                                     Other protocols include TFTP, DHCP 

Add reliability at application layer if necessary