C++：STL模板类vector

简单地说，

1）vector是数组的一种类表示，它提供了自动内存管理功能，可以动态的改变vector对象的长度，并随着元素的添加与删除而增大和缩小。

2）提供了对元素的随机访问。

3）在尾部添加和删除元素的时间是固定的，但在头部或中间插入和删除元素的复杂度为线性时间。

4）vector还可反转容器，增加了两个类方法：rbegin() 和 rend(),这两个类方法返回的迭代器是类级类型 reverse_iterator.

vector是最简单的序列类型，除非其它的类型的特殊优点能更好的满足程序的要求，否则应该默认使用vector

需头文件：vector

#include <vector>

要创建vector对象，可使用通常的vector<type>来指定类型，另外，vector模板使用动态内存分配，因此可以初始化参数来指定大小数量。

vector<int> ratings(5); //固定大小
int n;
cin >> n;
vector<double> scores(n);  // 运行时指定大小

可以使用下标访问：

ratings[0] = 9;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
	cout << scores[i] << endl;

vector的简单应用：

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm> //for_each,sort
struct Review{
	std::string title;
	int rating;
};

bool FillReview(Review & rr);
void ShowReview(const Review & rr);
bool operator<(const Review& r1, const Review& r2);// sort使用
bool WorseThan(const Review& r1, const Review& r2);

int main()
{
	using std::cout;
	using std::vector;
	vector<Review> books;
	Review temp;

	while (FillReview(temp))
		books.push_back(temp);

	int num = books.size();
	if (num > 0)
	{
		cout << "Rating\tBook\n";
		for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i)
			ShowReview(books[i]);
		cout << "Reprising:\n"
			<< "Rating\tBook\n";
		vector<Review>::iterator pr;
		for (pr = books.begin(); pr != books.end(); ++pr) //一般遍历用法
			ShowReview(*pr);
		cout << "for_each:\n";
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview); //也可用for_each代替循环，可避免显式使用迭代器变量
		vector<Review> oldlist(books);
		if (num > 3)
		{
			books.erase(books.begin() + 1, books.begin() + 3); //删除区间[books[1],books[3])
			cout << "After erasure:\n";
			for (pr = books.begin(); pr != books.end(); ++pr)
				ShowReview(*pr);

			books.insert(books.begin(), oldlist.begin() + 1, oldlist.begin() + 2); //在books的开始位置前插入oldlist[oldlist[1],oldlist[2])
			cout << "After insertion:\n";
			for (pr = books.begin(); pr != books.end(); ++pr)
				ShowReview(*pr);
		}
		books.swap(oldlist); //同容器的交换
		cout << "Swapping oldlist with books:\n";
		cout << "books:\n";
		for (pr = books.begin(); pr != books.end(); ++pr)
			ShowReview(*pr);
		cout << "oldlist:\n";
		for (pr = oldlist.begin(); pr != oldlist.end(); ++pr)
			ShowReview(*pr);

		cout << "Random_shuffle(books):\n";
		random_shuffle(books.begin(), books.end()); //随机排列books
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview); //显示books
		sort(books.begin(), books.end());//books中的元素如为int等常规定义对象，可不写operator<()函数
		cout << "sort(books):\n";
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview);
		cout << "sort(books) use WorseThan:\n";
		sort(books.begin(), books.end(), WorseThan);//自定义降序，按rating
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview);
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "Nothing entered, nothing gained.\n";
	}
	return 0;
}

bool FillReview(Review & rr)
{
	std::cout << "Enter book title (quit to quit): ";
	std::getline(std::cin, rr.title);
	if (rr.title == "quit")
		return false;
	std::cout << "Enter book rating: ";
	std::cin >> rr.rating;
	if (!std::cin)
		return false;

	while (std::cin.get() != '\n')
		continue;
	return true;
}

void ShowReview(const Review & rr)
{
	std::cout << rr.rating << "\t" << rr.title << std::endl;
}

bool operator<(const Review& r1, const Review& r2) //如果对象不是常规r ,是自定义的，需写该函数
{
	if (r1.title < r2.title)
		return true;
	else if (r1.title == r2.title && r1.rating < r2.rating)
		return true;
	else
		return false;
}

bool WorseThan(const Review& r1, const Review& r2) //自定义的排序方法
{
	if (r1.rating < r2.rating)
		return true;
	else
		return false;
}

输出：

Enter book title (quit to quit): 111111111111111
Enter book rating: 4
Enter book title (quit to quit): 222222222222222
Enter book rating: 3
Enter book title (quit to quit): 333333333333333
Enter book rating: 2
Enter book title (quit to quit): 444444444444444
Enter book rating: 1
Enter book title (quit to quit): quit
Rating  Book
4       111111111111111
3       222222222222222
2       333333333333333
1       444444444444444
Reprising:
Rating  Book
4       111111111111111
3       222222222222222
2       333333333333333
1       444444444444444
for_each:
4       111111111111111
3       222222222222222
2       333333333333333
1       444444444444444
After erasure:
4       111111111111111
1       444444444444444
After insertion:
3       222222222222222
4       111111111111111
1       444444444444444
Swapping oldlist with books:
books:
4       111111111111111
3       222222222222222
2       333333333333333
1       444444444444444
oldlist:
3       222222222222222
4       111111111111111
1       444444444444444
Random_shuffle(books):
4       111111111111111
3       222222222222222
1       444444444444444
2       333333333333333
sort(books):
4       111111111111111
3       222222222222222
2       333333333333333
1       444444444444444
sort(books) use WorseThan:
1       444444444444444
2       333333333333333
3       222222222222222
4       111111111111111
请按任意键继续. . .

基于C++11的for 循环：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	double prices[5] = {4.99, 10.99, 6.87, 8.75};
	for (double x : prices)
		cout << x << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

输出：

4.99
10.99
6.87
8.75
0
请按任意键继续. . .