I/O 是主存和外部设备之间(终端,磁盘驱动器,网络)复制数据的过程,输入是从 从I/O设备复制数据到主存,输出是主存复制数据到I/O设备。
1.读写文件
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
//返回: 若成功则返回读的字节数,若失败 则为-1,EOF则为0
//read函数从描述符为fd的当前文件为准复制最多n个字节到内存位置buf,一般返回值是实际传送的字节数量
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
//返回: 若成功则返回写的字节数,若失败 则为-1
//write函数从内存位置buf为准复制最多n个字节到描述符为fd的当前文件位置。
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count) //size_t 是unsigned_long型。
{
ssize_t rc;//有符号大小的long型,因为有可能返回负值,所以类型是ssize_t.
if ((rc = read(fd, buf, count)) < 0)
unix_error("Read error");
return rc;
}
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
{
ssize_t rc;
if ((rc = write(fd, buf, count)) < 0)
unix_error("Write error");
return rc;
}
下面是示例程序:
#include"csapp.h"
int main(void)
{
char c;
while(Read(STDIN_FILENO,&c,1)!=0) //把标准输入复制到标准输出。
Write(STDOUT_FILENO,&c,1);
exit(0);
}
zsj@zsj-virtual-machine:~/ccode$ gcc -o iotest2 iotest2.c -lpthread
zsj@zsj-virtual-machine:~/ccode$ ./iotest2
w
w
wert
wert
dgfdhfhfgh
dgfdhfhfgh
用RIO健壮的读写
RIO会自动的为您处理不足值,在像网络程序这种容易出现不足值的应用中,RIO提供了方便、健壮、高效的I/O.
RIO函数分类:
(1)RIO无缓冲的输入输出函数
rio_readn //函数从描述符为fd的当前文件为准复制最多n个字节到内存位置buf,遇到EOF时返回一个不足的值
rio_writen //函数从内存位置buf为准复制最多n个字节到描述符为fd的当前文件位置
/* $begin rio_readn */
ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) //rio_readn源码
{
size_t nleft = n;
ssize_t nread;
char *bufp = (char *)usrbuf;
while (nleft > 0) {
if ((nread = read(fd, bufp, nleft)) < 0) {
if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
nread = 0; /* and call read() again */
else
return -1; /* errno set by read() */
}
else if (nread == 0)
break; /* EOF */
nleft -= nread;
bufp += nread;
}
return (n - nleft); /* return >= 0 */
}
/* $end rio_readn *
/*
* rio_writen - robustly write n bytes (unbuffered)
*/
/* $begin rio_writen */
ssize_t rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n)// rio_writen 源码
{
size_t nleft = n;
ssize_t nwritten;
char *bufp = (char *)usrbuf;
while (nleft > 0) {
if ((nwritten = write(fd, bufp, nleft)) <= 0) {
if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
nwritten = 0; /* and call write() again */
else
return -1; /* errno set by write() */
}
nleft -= nwritten;
bufp += nwritten;
}
return n;
}
/* $end rio_writen */
(2)RIO带缓冲的输入输出函数
/* $begin rio_read */
static ssize_t rio_read(rio_t *rp, char *usrbuf, size_t n)
{
int cnt;
while (rp->rio_cnt <= 0) { /* refill if buf is empty */
rp->rio_cnt = read(rp->rio_fd, rp->rio_buf,
sizeof(rp->rio_buf));
if (rp->rio_cnt < 0) {
if (errno != EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
return -1;
}
else if (rp->rio_cnt == 0) /* EOF */
return 0;
else
rp->rio_bufptr = rp->rio_buf; /* reset buffer ptr */
}
/* Copy min(n, rp->rio_cnt) bytes from internal buf to user buf */
cnt = n;
if (rp->rio_cnt < n)
cnt = rp->rio_cnt;
memcpy(usrbuf, rp->rio_bufptr, cnt);
rp->rio_bufptr += cnt;
rp->rio_cnt -= cnt;
return cnt;
}
/* $end rio_read */
/*
/*
* rio_readlineb - robustly read a text line (buffered)
*/
/* $begin rio_readlineb */
ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen)
{
int n, rc;
char c, *bufp = (char *)usrbuf;
for (n = 1; n < maxlen; n++) {
if ((rc = rio_read(rp, &c, 1)) == 1) {
*bufp++ = c;
if (c == '\n')
break;
} else if (rc == 0) {
if (n == 1)
return 0; /* EOF, no data read */
else
break; /* EOF, some data was read */
} else
return -1; /* error */
}
*bufp = 0;
return n;
}
/*
* rio_readinitb - Associate a descriptor with a read buffer and reset buffer
*/
/* $begin rio_readinitb */
void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd)
{
rp->rio_fd = fd;
rp->rio_cnt = 0;
rp->rio_bufptr = rp->rio_buf;
}
/* $end rio_readinitb */
/*
* rio_readnb - Robustly read n bytes (buffered)
*/
/* $begin rio_readnb */
ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n)
{
size_t nleft = n;
ssize_t nread;
char *bufp = (char *)usrbuf;
while (nleft > 0) {
if ((nread = rio_read(rp, bufp, nleft)) < 0) {
if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
nread = 0; /* call read() again */
else
return -1; /* errno set by read() */
}
else if (nread == 0)
break; /* EOF */
nleft -= nread;
bufp += nread;
}
return (n - nleft); /* return >= 0 */
}
/* $end rio_readnb */
/*
(3)读取元数据
应用程序能够通过调用 stat 和fastat 函数,检索关于文件的信息。
void Stat(const char *filename, struct stat *buf)
{
if (stat(filename, buf) < 0)
unix_error("Stat error");
}
void Fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf)
{
if (fstat(fd, buf) < 0)
unix_error("Fstat error");
}
应用程序可以用readdir系列函数来读取目录的内容
函数 closedir关闭流释放其所有资源。