在上一节中我们说过,通常在嵌入式bootloader中,有两种方式来引导启动内核:从Nor Flash启动和从Nand Flash启动,但不管是从Nor启动或者从Nand启动,进入第二阶段以后,两者的执行流程是相同的。当u-boot的start.S运行到“_start_armboot: .word start_armboot”时,就会调用lib_arm/board.c中的start_armboot函数,至此u-boot正式进入第二阶段。此时注意:以前较早的u-boot版本进入第二阶段后,对Nand Flash的支持有新旧两套代码,新代码在drivers/nand目录下,旧代码在drivers/nand_legacy目录下,CFG_NAND_LEGACY宏决定了使用哪套代码,如果定义了该宏就使用旧代码,否则使用新代码。但是现在的u-boot版本对Nand的初始化、读写实现是基于最近的Linux内核的MTD架构,删除了以前传统的执行方法,使移植没有以前那样复杂了,实现Nand的操作和基本命令都直接在drivers/mtd/nand目录下(在doc/README.nand中讲得很清楚)。下面我们结合代码来分析一下u-boot在第二阶段的执行流程:
1.lib_arm/board.c文件中的start_armboot函数调用了drivers/mtd/nand/nand.c文件中的nand_init函数,如下: #if defined(CONFIG_CMD_NAND) //可以看到CONFIG_CMD_NAND宏决定了Nand的初始化 puts ("NAND: "); nand_init(); #endif 2.nand_init调用了同文件下的nand_init_chip函数; 3.nand_init_chip函数调用cpu/arm920t/s3c24x0/nand.c文件下的board_nand_init函数,然后再调用drivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c函数中的nand_scan函数; 4.nand_scan函数调用了同文件下的nand_scan_ident函数等。
因为2440和2410对nand控制器的操作有很大的不同,所以s3c24x0/nand.c下对nandflash操作的函数就是我们做移植需要实现的部分了,他与具体的Nand Flash硬件密切相关。
1、修改 cpu\arm920t\s3c24x0\nand.c 文件内容为:
#include <common.h> #if defined(CONFIG_CMD_NAND) && !defined(CFG_NAND_LEGACY) #include <nand.h> #if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) #include <s3c2410.h> #define S3C2410_NFSTAT_READY (1<<0) #define S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE (1<<11) /* select chip, for s3c2410 */ static void s3c2410_nand_select_chip(struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip) { S3C2410_NAND * const s3c2410nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); if (chip == -1) { s3c2410nand->NFCONF |= S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE; } else { s3c2410nand->NFCONF &= ~S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE; } }
static void s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd) { S3C2410_NAND * const s3c2410nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); struct nand_chip *chip = mtd->priv;
switch (cmd) { case NAND_CTL_SETNCE: s3c2410nand->NFCONF &= ~S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE; case NAND_CTL_CLRNCE: s3c2410nand->NFCONF |= S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE; printf("%s: called for NCE\n", __FUNCTION__); break; case NAND_CTL_SETCLE: chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2410nand->NFCMD; break; case NAND_CTL_SETALE: chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2410nand->NFADDR; break; /* NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: */ /* NAND_CTL_CLRALE: */ default: chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2410nand->NFDATA; break; } }
/* s3c2410_nand_devready() * * returns 0 if the nand is busy, 1 if it is ready */ static int s3c2410_nand_devready(struct mtd_info *mtd) { S3C2410_NAND * const s3c2410nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); return (s3c2410nand->NFSTAT & S3C2410_NFSTAT_READY); } #elif defined(CONFIG_S3C2440) #include <s3c2440.h> #define S3C2440_NFSTAT_READY (1<<0) #define S3C2440_NFCONT_nFCE (1<<1) /* select chip, for s3c2440 */ static void s3c2440_nand_select_chip(struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip) { S3C2440_NAND * const s3c2440nand = S3C2440_GetBase_NAND(); if (chip == -1) { s3c2440nand->NFCONT |= S3C2440_NFCONT_nFCE; } else { s3c2440nand->NFCONT &= ~S3C2440_NFCONT_nFCE; } }
/* command and control functions */ static void s3c2440_nand_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd) { S3C2440_NAND * const s3c2440nand = S3C2440_GetBase_NAND(); struct nand_chip *chip = mtd->priv;
switch (cmd) { case NAND_CTL_SETNCE: s3c2440nand->NFCONT &= ~S3C2440_NFCONT_nFCE; case NAND_CTL_CLRNCE: s3c2440nand->NFCONT |= S3C2440_NFCONT_nFCE; printf("%s: called for NCE\n", __FUNCTION__); break; case NAND_CTL_SETCLE: chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2440nand->NFCMD; break; case NAND_CTL_SETALE: chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2440nand->NFADDR; break; /* NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: */ /* NAND_CTL_CLRALE: */ default: chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2440nand->NFDATA; break; } }
/* s3c2440_nand_devready() * * returns 0 if the nand is busy, 1 if it is ready */ static int s3c2440_nand_devready(struct mtd_info *mtd) { S3C2440_NAND * const s3c2440nand = S3C2440_GetBase_NAND(); return (s3c2440nand->NFSTAT & S3C2440_NFSTAT_READY); } #endif /* * Called by drivers/nand/nand.c, initialize the interface of nand flash */ int board_nand_init(struct nand_chip *chip) { #define TACLS 0 #define TWRPH0 4 #define TWRPH1 2 #if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) S3C2410_NAND * const s3c2410nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); /* Enable NAND flash controller, Initialize ECC, enable chip select, Set flash memory timing */ s3c2410nand->NFCONF = (1<<15)|(1<<12)|(1<<11)|(TACLS<<8)|(TWRPH0<<4)|(TWRPH1<<0); chip->IO_ADDR_R = (void *)&s3c2410nand->NFDATA; chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2410nand->NFDATA; chip->hwcontrol = s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol; chip->dev_ready = s3c2410_nand_devready; chip->select_chip = s3c2410_nand_select_chip; #elif defined(CONFIG_S3C2440) S3C2440_NAND * const s3c2440nand = S3C2440_GetBase_NAND(); s3c2440nand->NFCONF = (TACLS<<12)|(TWRPH0<<8)|(TWRPH1<<4); /* Initialize ECC, enable chip select, NAND flash controller enable */ s3c2440nand->NFCONT = (1<<4)|(0<<1)|(1<<0); chip->IO_ADDR_R = (void *)&s3c2440nand->NFDATA; chip->IO_ADDR_W = (void *)&s3c2440nand->NFDATA; chip->hwcontrol = s3c2440_nand_hwcontrol; chip->dev_ready = s3c2440_nand_devready; chip->select_chip = s3c2440_nand_select_chip; #endif chip->options = 0; chip->eccmode = NAND_ECC_SOFT; return 0; } #endif
2、修改文件 include/s3c2440.h ,将
S3C2410_GetBase_NAND
修改为
S3C2440_GetBase_NAND
;仿照S3C2410_GetBase_NAND函数(96行)定义2440的函数:
static inline S3C2440_NAND * const S3C2440_GetBase_NAND(void) { return (S3C2440_NAND * const)S3C2440_NAND_BASE; }
重新编译u-boot并下载到Nand Flash中,把开发板调到Nand档从Nand启动。现在u-boot已经对我们开发板上256M的Nand Flash完全支持了。Nand相关的基本命令也都可以正常使用了。
3、将环境变量存储到Nand Flash中
从上面的启动信息看,有一个警告信息“*** Warning - bad CRC or NAND, using default environment”,这是因为没有将u-boot的环境变量保存nand中的缘故。u-boot在默认的情况下把环境变量都是保存到Nor Flash中的,所以要修改代码,让他保存到Nand中。修改 include/configs/smdk2440.h 文件:
/* 配置环境变量存放设置 */ #define CFG_ENV_ADDR (CFG_FLASH_BASE + 0x100000) /* 使用NorFlash时,环境变量存放的开始地址 */ //#define CFG_ENV_IS_IN_FLASH 1 /* 环境变量保存的位置在NorFlash */ #define CFG_ENV_IS_IN_NAND 1 /* 环境变量保存的位置在NandFlash */ #define CFG_ENV_OFFSET 0x60000 /* 使用NandFlash时,环境变量存放的偏移地址 */ #define CFG_ENV_SIZE 0x20000 /*Total Size of Environment Sector;一般设定为NandFlash的一个Sector的大小*/
4、最后编译u-boot,生成u-boot.bin文件。将u-boot.bin下载到开发板的Nand Flash中,再把开发板调到Nand启动档,保存环境变量后重启开发板,那条警告信息现在没有了。