职责链模式

介绍

1. 职责链模式（Chain of Responsibility Pattern），又叫责任链模式，为请求创建了一个接收对象的链，这种模式对请求的发送者和接收者进行解耦
2. 职责链模式通常每个接收者都包含对另一个接收者的引用。如果一个对象不能处理该请求，那么它会把相同的请求传给下一个接收者，以此类推
3. 这种类型的设计模式属于行为型模式

原理

1. Handler：抽象的处理者，定义了一个处理请求的接口，同时含有另外Handler
2. ConcreteHandlerA、B：具体的处理者，负责处理它负责的请求，可以访问它的后继者（即下一个处理者），如果可以处理当前请求，则处理，否则就将该请求交给后继者去处理，从而形成一个职责链
3. Request：含有多重属性，表示一种请求

		//创建一个请求
		PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest = new PurchaseRequest(1, 31000, 1);
		
		//创建相关的审批人
		DepartmentApprover departmentApprover = new DepartmentApprover("张主任");
		CollegeApprover collegeApprover = new CollegeApprover("李院长");
		ViceSchoolMasterApprover viceSchoolMasterApprover = new ViceSchoolMasterApprover("王副校");
		SchoolMasterApprover schoolMasterApprover = new SchoolMasterApprover("佟校长");
	
	
		//需要将各个审批级别的下一个设置好 (处理人构成环形: )
		departmentApprover.setApprover(collegeApprover);
		collegeApprover.setApprover(viceSchoolMasterApprover);
		viceSchoolMasterApprover.setApprover(schoolMasterApprover);
		schoolMasterApprover.setApprover(departmentApprover);
		
		
		
		departmentApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
		viceSchoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest);

//请求类
public class PurchaseRequest {

	private int type = 0; //请求类型
	private float price = 0.0f; //请求金额
	private int id = 0;
	//构造器
	public PurchaseRequest(int type, float price, int id) {
		this.type = type;
		this.price = price;
		this.id = id;
	}
	public int getType() {
		return type;
	}
	public float getPrice() {
		return price;
	}
	public int getId() {
		return id;
	}
	
}

public abstract class Approver {

	Approver approver;  //下一个处理者
	String name; // 名字
	
	public Approver(String name) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.name = name;
	}

	//下一个处理者
	public void setApprover(Approver approver) {
		this.approver = approver;
	}
	
	//处理审批请求的方法，得到一个请求, 处理是子类完成，因此该方法做成抽象
	public abstract void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest);
	
}

public class DepartmentApprover extends Approver {

	
	public DepartmentApprover(String name) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		super(name);
	}
	
	@Override
	public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 5000) {
			System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
		}else {
			approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
		}
	}

}

public class CollegeApprover extends Approver {

	public CollegeApprover(String name) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		super(name);
	}
	
	@Override
	public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() < 5000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 10000) {
			System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
		}else {
			approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
		}
	}
}

public class ViceSchoolMasterApprover extends Approver {

	public ViceSchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		super(name);
	}
	
	@Override
	public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() < 10000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 30000) {
			System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
		}else {
			approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
		}
	}
}

public class SchoolMasterApprover extends Approver {

	public SchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		super(name);
	}
	
	@Override
	public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 30000) {
			System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
		}else {
			approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
		}
	}
}

注意事项及细节

1. 将请求和处理分开，实现解耦，提高系统的灵活性
2. 简化了对象，是对象不需要知道链的结构
3. 性能会受到影响，特别是在链比较长的时候，因此需要控制链中最大节点数量，一般通过在Handler中设置一个最大节点数量，在setNext()方法中判断是否已经超过阈值，超过则不允许该链建立，避免出现超长链无意识破坏系统性能
4. 调用不方便，采用了类似递归的方式，调用时逻辑可能比较复杂
5. 最佳应用场景：有多个对象可以处理同一个请求时，比如：多级请求、请假/加薪等审批流程、Java Web中Tomcat对Encoding的处理、拦截器