c#学习

简介

C#读作C Sharp。最初它有个更酷的名字,叫做COOL。微软从1998年12月开始了COOL项目,直到2000年2月,COOL被正式更名为C#。在1998年,Delphi语言的设计者Hejlsberg带领着Microsoft公司的开发团队,开始了第一个版本C#语言的设计。在2000年9月,国际信息和通信系统标准化组织为C#语言定义了一个Microsoft公司建议的标准。最终C#语言在2001年得以正式发布。
C#是一种安全的、稳定的、简单的、优雅的,由C和 C++衍生出来的 面向对象的编程语言。它在继承C和C++强大功能的同时去掉了一些它们的复杂特性(例如没有宏以及不允许多重继承)。C#综合了 VB简单的可视化操作和C++的高运行效率,以其强大的操作能力、优雅的语法风格、创新的语言特性和便捷的面向 组件编程的支持成为 .NET开发的首选语言。 [1]
C#是 面向对象的编程语言。它使得程序员可以快速地编写各种基于MICROSOFT .NET平台的应用程序,MICROSOFT .NET提供了一系列的 工具和服务来最大程度地开发利用计算与通讯领域。 
正是由于C#面向对象的卓越设计,使它成为构建各类 组件的理想之选——无论是高级的商业对象还是系统级的应用程序。使用简单的C#语言结构,这些组件可以方便的转化为 XML网络服务,从而使它们可以由任何语言在任何操作系统上通过INTERNET进行调用。 
C#使得C++ 程序员可以高效的开发程序,且因可调用由 C/C++ 编写的本机原生 函数,因此绝不损失C/C++原有的强大的功能。因为这种 继承关系,C#与C/C++具有极大的相似性,熟悉类似 语言的开发者可以很快的转向C#。 [2-3]
(概述图片来源: [4]

编辑本段历史发展

C#是 微软公司在2000年6月发布的一种新的 编程语言,主要由 安德斯·海尔斯伯格(Anders Hejlsberg)主持开发,它是第一个面向组件的编程语言,其源码会编译成msil再运行。它借鉴了 Delphi的一个特点,与COM( 组件对象模型)是直接集成的,并且新增了许多功能及语法糖,而且它是微软公司.NET windows网络框架的主角。 [5]  
原Broland公司的首席研发设计师安德斯·海尔斯伯格(An
c#

  c#[6]

ders Hejlsberg)在微软开发了Visual J++ 1.0,很快的 Visual J++由1.1版本升级到6.0版。 SUN公司认为Visual J++ 违反了Java开发平台的中立性,对微软提出了诉讼。2000年6月26日微软在 奥兰多举行的“职业开发人员技术大会”(PDC 2000)上,发表新的语言C#。C#语言取代了Visual J++,语言本身深受 Java、C 和 C++ 的影响。 [7]
C#是兼顾 系统开发和应用开发的最佳实用语言,并且很有可能成为编程语言历史上的第一个“全能”型语言。看过这篇简史,不要把C#看成年轻后生了——只要是“马拉多纳”,就早晚当“球王”。C#1.0,纯粹的面向对象。 [8]
1998年底, 微软正在忙于新一代COM的设计工作,COM一直是组件化开发中非常成功的一种技术;但由于它仅提供了二进制层面上的统一,因此无法将类型信息和用于支持基础平台和开发工具的信息放到组件中,Java逐步走向成熟。微软学习Java的做法,将虚拟机的概念引入到了COM领域;同时,微软提出了“元数据”的概念,用于描述组件的类型信息和工具支持信息,并决定将其放入到组件当中。 [9]
1998年12月,微软启动了一个全新的语言项目——COOL,这是一款专门为CLR设计的纯面向对象的语言,也正是本文的主角——C#的前身。 [10]
1999年7月份,微软完成了COOL语言的一个内部版本。 [10]
2000年2月份,微软才正式将COOL语言更名为C#。据说起这个名字是因为C#开发小组的人很讨厌搜索引擎,因此把大部分 搜索引擎无法识别的“#”字符作为该语言名字的一部分;还有一种说法是在音乐当中“#”是升调记号,表达了微软希望它在C的基础上更上一层楼的美好愿望——当然这些都只是传说,无从考证。又是历经了一系列的修改,微软终于在2000年7月发布了C#语言的第一个 预览版[10]

编辑本段设计目标

C#旨在设计成为一种“简单、现代、通用”,以及面向对象的 程序设计语言,此种语言的实现,应提供对于以下软件工程要素的支持:强类型检查、数组维度检查、未初始化的变量引用检测、自动垃圾收集(Garbage Collection,指一种自动 内存释放技术)。软件必须做到强大、持久,并具有较强的编程生产力。此种语言为在分布式环境中的开发提供适用的组件开发应用。 
为使程序员容易迁移到这种语言, 源代码的可移植性十分重要,尤其是对于那些已熟悉C和C++的程序员而言。对国际化的支持非常重要。C#适合为独立和嵌入式的系统编写程序,从使用复杂操作系统的大型系统到特定应用的小型系统均适用。 [11-12]

编辑本段语言结构

:在C#中类的声明与 C++和Java很相似。但是,不象C++,C# 结构体
C# Project

  C# Project[13]

是不支持继承。但是,与Java相同的是,一个结构体可以实现接口(interface)。Java的关键字 import已经被替换成 using,它起到了同样的作用。
类可以是抽象的和不可继承的:一个被申明成 abstract的类不能被实例化,它只能被用做一个基类,C#关键字lock就像Java关键字 final,它申明一个类不是抽象的,但是它也不能被用做另一个类的基类界面:就象在Java中一样,一个界面是一组方法集合的抽象定义。当一个类或结构体实现一个界面的时候,它必须实现这个界面中定义的所有方法。一个单一的类可以实现几个界面,也许以后会出现一些微妙的差别,但是这个特点看起来与Java相比没有变化。 [14]
Java中,一个接口是一组方法集合的抽象定义.当一个类或结构体实现一个接口的时候,它必须实现这个接口中定义的所有方法.一个单一的类可以实现几个接口.也许以后会出现一些微妙的差别,但是这个特点看起来与Java相比没有变化。 布尔运算:条件表达式的结果是布尔数据类型,布尔数据类型是这种语言中独立的一种数据类型.从布尔类型到其他类型没有直接的转换过程.布尔常量 true和false是C#中的关键字.错误处理:如Java中那样,通过抛出和捕捉异常对象来管理错误处理过程.内存管理:由底层.NET框架进行自动内存垃圾回收。
布尔运算:条件表达式的结果是 布尔数据类型,布尔数据类型是这种语言中独立的一种数据类型,从布尔类型到其他类型没有直接的转换过程,布尔常量true和false是C#中的关键字。错误处理:如Java中那样,通过抛出和捕捉异常对象来管理错误 处理过程。 [15]
内存管理:由 底层.NET框架进行自动内存垃圾回收。一个基本的C#类中包含 数据成员、 属性构造器和方法。属性可以是静态或实例成员。
接口 是其他类型为确保它们支持某些操作而实现的引用类型。接口从不直接创建而且没有实际的表示形式,其他类型必须转换为接口类型。
一个接口定义一个协定。实现接口的类或结构必须遵守其协定。 接口可以包含方法、 属性索引器和事件作为成员。
强类型:C#是一个强类型的语言,它的数值类型有一些可以进行隐式转换,其他的必须显式转换,隐式转换的类型只能是长度短的类型转换成长的类型,int可以转换成 longfloatdoubledecimal,反之必须显式的转换。
编译:程序直接编译成标准的二进制可执行形式.但C#的源程序并不是被编译成二进制可执行形式,而是一种中间语言(IL),类似于JAVA字节码。如果前面的Hello World程序被保存成一个
c#与asp.net权威指南教程

  c#与asp.net权威指南教程[16]

文本文件并被命名为Hello.cs,它将被编译成命名Hello.exe的 可执行程序
C#程序不能直接编译成标准的 二进制可执行形式,与 Java 类似,它被编译成为中间代码(Microsoft Intermediate Language),然后通过 .NET Framework 的虚拟机——被称之为通用语言执行层(Common Language Runtime, CLR)——执行。
一个C#的结构体与C++的结构体是相似的,因为它能够包含数据声明和方法.但是,不象C++,C#结构体与类是不同的而且不支持继承.但是,与Java相同的是,一个结构体可以实现接口。
预编译:C# 中存在 预编译指令支持条件 编译,警告,错误报告和编译行控制.可用的预编译指令有:#define,#undef,#if,#elif,#else,#endif,#warning,#error,#line。 [3]
没有了#include伪指令,无法再用#define 语句对符号赋值,所以就不存在源代码替换的概念--这些符号只能用在#if和#elif伪指令里.在#line伪指令里的数字(和可选的名字)能够修改行号还有#warning和#error输出结果的文件名。 [17]
操作符重载 一些操作符能够被 重载,而另一些则不能.特别的是,没有一个赋值运算符能够被重载.能够被重载的单目操作符是:+ - ! ~ ++ -- true false 能够被重载的二元运算符是:+、 - 、*、 /、 %、 &、 |、 ^、 << 、>>、 ==、 !=、 >、 < 、>= 、<=。 [18]
类型 C# 中的类型一共分为两类,一类是 值类型(Value Type),一类是 引用类型(Reference Type)。值类型和引用类型是以它们在计算机内存中是如何被分配的来划分的。值类型包括 结构和枚举,引用类型包括类、接口、委托 等。还有一种特殊的值类型,称为简单类型(Simple Type),比如 byte,int等,这些简单类型实际上是FCL类库类型的别名,比如声明一个int类型,实际上是声明一个System. Int32结构类型。因此,在 Int32类型中定义的操作,都可以应用在int类型上,比如 “123.Equals(2)”。
所有的值类型都隐式地继承自System.ValueType类型(注意System.ValueType本身是一个类类型),System.ValueType和所有的引用类型都 继承自 System.Object基类。不能显式地让结构继承一个类,因为C#不支持多重继承,而结构已经隐式继承自ValueType。
NOTE堆栈(stack)是一种后进先出的数据结构,在内存中,变量会被分配在堆栈上来进行操作。堆(heap)是用于为类型实例(对象)分配空间的内存区域,在堆上创建一个对象,会将对象的地址传给堆栈上的变量(反过来叫变量指向此对象,或者变量引用此对象)。 [19]
中间代码 微软在用户选择何时 MSIL应该编译成机器码的时候
C#开发QTP脚本标志

  C#开发QTP脚本标志[20]

是留了很大的余地.微软公司很小心的声称MSIL不是解释性的,而是被编译成了机器码.它也明白许多--如果不是大多数的话--程序员认为Java程序要不可避免的比C编写的任何东西都要慢.而这种实现方式决定了基于MSIL的程序(指的是用C#, Visual Basic,"Managed C++"--C++的一个符合CLS的版本--等语言编写的程序)将在性能上超过"解释性的"Java代码.当然,这一点还需要得到事实证明,因为C#和其他生成MSIL的编译器还没有发布.但是Java JIT编译器的普遍存在使得Java和C#在性能上相对相同.象"C#是编译语言而Java是解释性的,"之类的声明只是商业技巧.Java的中间代码和 MSIL都是中间的汇编形式的语言,它们在运行时或其它的时候被编译成机器代码。 [21]
基本数据类型:C#拥有比C/C++或者Java更广泛的数据类型.这些类型是bool、byte、ubyte、short、ushort、int、uint、long、ulong、float、double和decimal,像Java一样,所有这些类型都有一个固定的大小.又像C和C++一样,每个数据类型都有有符号和无符号两种类型.与Java相同的是,一个字符变量包含的是一个16位的Unicode字符,C#新的 数据类型是decimal数据类型,对于货币数据,它能存放28位10进制数字。 [21]
两个基本类:一个名叫 object的类是所有其他类的基类。而一个名叫string的类也象object一样是这个语言的一部分.作为语言的一部分存在意味着编译器有可能使用它,无论何时在程序中写入一句带引号的字符串,编译器会创建一个string对象来保存它。 [21]
参数传递:方法可以被声明接受可变数目的参数.缺省的参数传递方法是对基本数据类型进行值传递。ref关键字可以用来强迫一个变量通过 引用传递,这使得一个变量可以接受一个 返回值。out关键字也能 声明引用传递过程,与ref不同的地方是,它指明这个参数并不需要初始值。 [21]
COM的集成:C#对Windows程序最大的卖点可能就是它与COM的无缝集成了,COM就是微软的Win32组件技术.实际上,最终有可能在任何.NET语言里编写COM客户和服务器端。C#编写的类可以子类化一个已存在的 COM组件;生成的类也能被作为一个COM组件使用,然后又能使用,比方说, JScript语言子类化它从而得到第三个COM组件。这种现象的结果是导致了一个运行环境的产生,在这个环境里的组件是网络服务,可用任何.NET语言子类化。 [21]
索引下标:一个 索引属性除了不使用属性名来引用类成员而是用一个方括号中的数字来匿名引用(就象用数组下标一样)以外是相似的。 [21]
代理和反馈:一个代理对象包括了访问一个特定对象的特定方法所需的信息.只要把它当成一个聪明的方法指针就行了。代理对象可以被移动到另一个地方,然后可以通过访问它来对已存在的方法进行类型安全的调用.一个反馈方法是代理的特例.event关键字用在将在事件发生的时候被当成代理调用的方法声明中。 [21]

编辑本段程序执行

C#所开发的程序源代码并不是编译成能够直接在 操作系统上执行的 二进制本地代码。与Java类似,它被编译成为中间代码,然后通过.NET Framework的虚拟机——被称之为通用语言运行时(CLR)——执行。 所有的.Net编程语言都被编译成这种被称为MSIL(Microsoft Intermediate Language )的中间代码。因此虽然最终的程序在表面上仍然与传统意义上的可执行文件都具有“.exe”的后缀名。但是实际上,如果计算机上没有安装.Net Framework,那么这些程序将不能够被执行。 在程序执行时,.Net Framework将中间 代码翻译成为二进制机器码,从而使它得到正确的运行。最终的二进制代码被存储在一个缓冲区中。所以一旦程序使用了相同的代码,那么将会调用缓冲区中的版本。这样如果一个.Net程序第二次被运行,那么这种翻译不需要进行第二次,速度明显加快。

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