python中的变量

1.python中的变量命名规则

• 变量名由字母、数字、下划线组成
• 变量不能以数字开头
• 不可以使用关键字
• eg：a a1 _a 这些命名规则是可以的

变量的赋值是变量的声明和定义的过程

eg：a = 1 给变量a赋值，值为1.

[root@linux-01 ~]# ipython
Python 3.8.2 (tags/v3.8.2:7b3ab59, Feb 25 2020, 22:45:29) [MSC v.1916 32 bit (Intel)]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.21.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

In [1]: a = 1

# id() 函数返回对象的唯一标识符，标识符是一个整数。这里所谓的标识符，就是该对象的内存地址。
In [2]: id(a)  
Out[2]: 1718155184

2.Python运算符

2.1 赋值运算符

赋值运算符	描述
=	给变量赋值
+=	变量加右边的数值赋值给变量
-=	变量减去右边的数值赋值给变量
*=	变量乘以右边的数值赋值给变量
/=	变量除以右边的数值赋值给变量
%=	变量除以右边的数值结果取余给变量

python2中的运算结果

[root@mx ~]# ipython
Python 2.7.8 (default, Sep 17 2017, 22:32:41)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

IPython 5.5.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
?         -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help      -> Python's own help system.
object?   -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.

In [1]: a = 1

In [2]: a += 2

In [3]: a
Out[3]: 3

In [4]: a -= 2

In [5]: a
Out[5]: 1

In [6]: a *= 2

In [7]: a
Out[7]: 2

In [8]: a /= 2

In [9]: a
Out[9]: 1

In [10]: a %= 2

In [11]: a
Out[11]: 1

In [12]: type(a)
Out[12]: int

python3中的运行结果：

[root@linux-01 ~]#  ipython
Python 3.8.2 (tags/v3.8.2:7b3ab59, Feb 25 2020, 22:45:29) [MSC v.1916 32 bit (Intel)]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.21.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

In [1]: a = 1

In [2]: id(a)
Out[2]: 1718155184

In [3]: a += 2

In [4]: a
Out[4]: 3

In [5]: a -=2

In [6]: a
Out[6]: 1

In [7]: a *= 2

In [8]: a
Out[8]: 2

In [9]: a /= 2

In [10]: a
Out[10]: 1.0

In [11]: a %= 2

In [12]: a
Out[12]: 1.0

In [13]: type(a)
Out[13]: float

通过上面的对比可以看到，python2中在运行赋值运算符的时候，变量始终是整型，而在python3中，变量在做除法运算符的时候会变为浮点型。

2.2 算术运算符

算术运算符	描述
+	加 - 两个对象相加
-	减 - 得到负数或是一个数减去另一个数
*	乘 - 两个数相乘或是返回一个被重复若干次的字符串
/	除 - x除以y
//	取整除 - 返回商的整数部分（向下取整）
%	取模 - 返回除法的余数
**	幂 - 返回x的y次幂

python2中运行结果

[root@mx ~]# ipython
Python 2.7.8 (default, Sep 17 2017, 22:32:41)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

IPython 5.5.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
?         -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help      -> Python's own help system.
object?   -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.

In [1]: a = 10

In [2]: b = 4

In [3]: c = a + b

In [4]: c
Out[4]: 14

In [5]: c = a - b

In [6]: c
Out[6]: 6

In [7]: c = a * b

In [8]: c
Out[8]: 40

In [9]: c = a / b

In [10]: c
Out[10]: 2

In [11]: c = a // b

In [12]: c
Out[12]: 2

In [13]: c = a % b

In [14]: c
Out[14]: 2

In [15]: c = a ** b

In [16]: c
Out[16]: 10000

python3中运行结果：

[root@linux-01 ~]#  ipython
Python 3.8.2 (tags/v3.8.2:7b3ab59, Feb 25 2020, 22:45:29) [MSC v.1916 32 bit (Intel)]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.21.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

In [1]: a = 10

In [2]: b = 4

In [3]: c = a+b

In [4]: c
Out[4]: 14

In [5]: c = a-b

In [6]: c
Out[6]: 6

In [7]: c = a*b

In [8]: c
Out[8]: 40

In [9]: c =a/b

In [10]: c
Out[10]: 2.5

In [11]: c = a//b

In [12]: c
Out[12]: 2

In [13]: c = a%b

In [14]: c
Out[14]: 2

In [15]: c = a**b

In [16]: c
Out[16]: 10000

上文的结果可以看到python2中在做除法运算的时候会自动取整，而python3中做除法运算的时候会直接除尽。

2.3 关系运算符

关系运算符	描述
>	大于
<	小于
>=	大于等于
<=	小于等于
==	等于
!=	不等于

在进行关系运算符的时候只会有两种结果：Ture 和False

2.4 逻辑运算符

逻辑运算符	描述
and	逻辑与
or	逻辑或
not	逻辑非

[root@linux-01 ~]#  ipython
Python 3.8.2 (tags/v3.8.2:7b3ab59, Feb 25 2020, 22:45:29) [MSC v.1916 32 bit (Intel)]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.21.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

In [1]: a = 1

In [2]: b = 2

In [3]: c = 3

In [4]: a > b and b < c
Out[4]: False

In [5]: a > b or b < c
Out[5]: True

In [6]: d = (a,b,c,'123')

In [7]:  a  not in d
Out[7]: False

3. python运算符的优先级

查看下图，从上往下，优先级越来越低。

4. input()与raw_input()区别

在Python2中raw_input()和input()，两个函数都存在，其中区别为:
raw_input( ) 将所有输入作为字符串看待，返回字符串类型。
input( ) 只能接收"数字"的输入，在对待纯数字输入时具有自己的特性，它返回所输入的数字的类型（ int, float ）。

在 Python3中raw_input()和input()进行了整合，去除了raw_input()，仅保留了 input( )函数，其接收任意任性输入，将所有输入默认为字符串处理，并返回字符串类型。

#运行环境：python2.7
[root@linux-001 mypythonshell]# vim suanshu.py
#!/usr/bin/python

#!/usr/bin/python

num1 = input("Please input a number :")
num2 = input("Please input a number :")

print "%s + %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1+num2)
print "%s - %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1-num2)
print "%s * %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1*num2)
print "%s / %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1/num2)



[root@linux-001 mypythonshell]# python suanshu.py
Please input a number :123
Please input a number :4
123 + 4 = 127
123 - 4 = 119
123 * 4 = 492
123 / 4 = 30

python3环境中运行如上程序，需要把input输入的数字转换为整型，python3中的print需要加括号，如下

[root@iZ23mt6ec6pZ ~]# vim suanshu.py
#!/usr/bin/python3

num1 = int(input("Please input a number :"))
num2 = int(input("Please input a number :"))

print ("%s + %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1+num2))
print ("%s - %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1-num2))
print ("%s * %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1*num2))
print ("%s / %s = %s" % (num1,num2,num1/num2))


[root@iZ23mt6ec6pZ ~]# python3 suanshu.py
Please input a number :123
Please input a number :4
123 + 4 = 127
123 - 4 = 119
123 * 4 = 492
123 / 4 = 30.75